Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women
Abstract
Background Elderly men and women lose muscle mass and strength with increasing age. Decreased physical activity, hormones, malnutrition and chronic disease have been identified as factors contributing to this loss. There are few data, however, for their multivariate associations with muscle mass and strength. This study analyzes these associations in a cross-sectional sample of elderly people from the New Mexico Aging Process Study.Methods Data collected in 1994 for 121 male and 180 female volunteers aged 65-97 years of age enrolled in The New Mexico Aging Process Study were analyzed. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; dietary intake from 3 day food records; usual physical activity by questionnaire; health status from annual physical examinations; and serum testosterone, estrone, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) from radioimmunoassays of fasting blood samples. Statistical analyses included partial correlation and stepwise multiple regression.Results The muscle mass and strength (adjusted for knee height) decreased with increasing age in both sexes. The muscle mass was significantly associated with serum free-testosterone, physical activity, cardiovascular disease, and IGF1 in the men. In the women, the muscle mass was significantly associated with total fat mass and physical activity. Age was not associated significantly with muscle mass after controlling for these variables. Grip strength was associated with age independent of muscle mass in both sexes. Estrogen (endogenous and exogenous) was not associated with muscle mass or strength in women.Conclusions Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength occurs in relatively healthy, well-nourished elderly men and women and has a multifactorial basis. Sex hormone status is an important factor in men but not in women. Physical activity is an important predictor of muscle mass in both sexes.
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Muscle mass is significantly associated with serum-free testosterone, and testosterone levels decrease at approximately 1% per year after the age of 30.
“Muscle mass significantly associated with serum-free testosterone [81] and testosterone levels decrease at a rate of approximately 1% per year after the age of 30 [82].”
From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [81]
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Alfaro‐Acha, A., Snih, S. A., Raji, M. A., Kuo, Y., Markides, K. S., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.8.859 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Sarcopenia: Effects on Body Composition and Function
Roubenoff, R. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.11.m1012 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Hand grip strength and incident ADL disability in elderly Mexican Americans over a seven-year period
Snih, S. A., Markides, K. S., Ottenbacher, K. J., & Raji, M. A. (2004) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03327406 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
“Because of gender differences in muscle strength, the analysis was conducted separately for men and women (19-21).”
MethodSzulc, P., Beck, T. J., Marchand, F., & Delmas, P. D. (2005) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.041230 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Physical inactivity: a risk factor and target for intervention in renal care
Zelle, D. M., Klaassen, G., van Adrichem, E. J., Bakker, S. J. L., Corpeleijn, E., & Navis, G. J. (2017) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2016.187 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Hormonal and lifestyle determinants of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in men: the MINOS study
Szulc, P., Duboeuf, F., Marchand, F., & Delmas, P. D. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.2.496 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Anorexia, sarcopenia, and aging
Morley, J. E. (2001) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00574-3 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationBinder, E. F., Yarasheski, K. E., Steger-May, K., Sinacore, D. R., Brown, M., Schechtman, K. B., & Holloszy, J. O. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.11.1425 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Sarcopenia of Aging and Its Metabolic Impact
Karakelides, H., & Nair, K. S. (2005) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(05)68005-2 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Frailty, Sarcopenia and Diabetes
Morley, J. E., Malmstrom, T. K., Rodriguez-Mañas, L., & Sinclair, A. J. (2014) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2014.10.001 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationKamel, H. K. (2003) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1301/nr.2003.may.157-167 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Editorial: Something About Frailty
Morley, J. E., Perry, H. M., & Miller, D. K. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.11.m698 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationA Model to Identify Sarcopenia in Patients With Cirrhosis
Tandon, P., Low, G., Mourtzakis, M., Zenith, L., Myers, R. P., Abraldeṣ, J. G., Shaheen, A. A., Qamar, H., Mansoor, N., Carbonneau, M., et al. (2016) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.04.040 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Muscle Wasting and Sarcopenia in Heart Failure and Beyond: Update 2017
Springer, J., Springer, J., & Anker, S. D. (2017) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12237 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Payette, H., Roubenoff, R., Jacques, P. F., Dinarello, C. A., Wilson, P. W. F., Abad, L. W., & Harris, T. (2003) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51407.x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“Until now, predictors of sarcopenia had been assessed only in cross-sectional data.(8,29) The Framingham Heart Study (FHS) offers the opportunity to study longitudinal changes in body composition and a series of potential predictors of these changes.”
BackgroundAuyeung, T. W., Lee, J. S. W., Kwok, T. C. Y., & Woo, J. (2011) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-011-0110-9 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Zitzmann, M., & Nieschlag, E. (2001) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1440183 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Phillips, T., & Leeuwenburgh, C. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-2870fje · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Hormone Therapy and Skeletal Muscle Strength: A Meta-Analysis
Greising, S. M., Baltgalvis, K. A., Lowe, D. A., & Warren, G. L. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glp082 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Get a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health
Carson, R. G. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.023 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“These results are all consistent with the more general finding that in both sexes, declines in grip strength with age are largely accounted for by factors other than loss of muscle mass (Baumgartner et al., 1999; Kallman et al., 1990).”
ResultA 3-year longitudinal study on body composition changes in the elderly: Role of physical exercise
Raguso, C. A., Kyle, U. G., Kossovsky, M. P., Roynette, C. E., Paoloni‐Giacobino, A., Hans, D. B., Genton, L., & Pichard, C. (2005) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.10.013 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Sarcopenia
Morley, J. E. (2016) · Calcified Tissue International · doi:10.1007/s00223-015-0022-5 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“This decline in testosterone is associated with a decline in muscle mass and strength [91].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAuyeung, T. W., Kwok, T. C. Y., Lee, J., Leung, P., Leung, J. C. S., & Woo, J. (2008) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000154929 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“Being cross-sectional, our results were unable to establish the directionality of the interrelationship among cognition, muscle loss and function. Although we have hypothesized that cognition affects physical function directly and indirectly via muscle degeneration, the results could be interpreted otherwise. It is po…”
ResultAndrogen Replacement Therapy in the Aging Male--A Critical Evaluation
Vermeulen, A. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.6.7630 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“(36) observed in elderly men (65–97 yr old) a significant correlation between FT and muscle mass, but not grip strength.”
BackgroundTraylor, D. A., Gorissen, S. H. M., & Phillips, S. M. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy003 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
MacIntosh, C. G., Morley, J. E., & Chapman, I. M. (2000) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00405-6 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective androgen receptor modulators as function promoting therapies
Bhasin, S., & Jasuja, R. (2009) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32832a3d79 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Endocrine Aspects of Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Buvat, J., Maggi, M., Gooren, L., Guay, A. T., Kaufman, J., Morgentaler, A., Schulman, C., Tan, H. M., Torres, L. O., Yassin, A., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01780.x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Invited Review: Aging and energy balance
Wilson, M. G., & Morley, J. E. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00313.2003 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“, sarcopenia, that occurs in older men (3, 26, 30), testosterone has also been shown to be associated with an increase in leptin levels (2).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSex Differences in Muscle Wasting
Anderson, L. J., Liu, H. M., & Garcia, J. M. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_9 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Association of handgrip strength with chronic diseases and multimorbidity
Cheung, C., Nguyen, U., Au, E., Tan, K. C. B., & Kung, A. W. C. (2012) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9385-y · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“Earlier study suggested that sex hormone status is an important factor of handgrip strength in men but not in women (Baumgartner et al. 1999).”
Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications
Pataky, M. W., Young, W. F., & Nair, K. S. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.033 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Cross-sectional data in 60- to 90-year-old men and women revealed a significant age-related decline in muscle mass and strength, which corresponds to a reduction in T.(154) Longitudinal data revealed that when older men (~65 years old) were evaluated after a 12-year follow-up (at ~77 years old), there was a significan…”
ResultTestosterone for the aging male; current evidence and recommended practice
Jones, H. (2008) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s190 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“Reductions in free testosterone also correlate with age related declines in fat free mass (muscle mass) and muscle strength (Baumgartner et al 1999; Roy et al 2002).”
Peel, N. M., Alapatt, L. J., Jones, L. V., & Hubbard, R. E. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly140 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“In cross-sectional analysis, older men with high bioavailable (loosely protein-bound) testosterone had better cognitive test scores with evidence of a dose response [22], while decline in serum free testosterone was significantly associated with decrease in muscle mass and physical activity [23].”
BackgroundSpeakman, J. R., & Westerterp, K. R. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28540 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Resistance-Training-Induced Myofiber Hypertrophy Among Older Adults
Bamman, M. M., Hill, V. J., Adams, G. R., Haddad, F., Wetzstein, C. J., Gower, B. A., Ahmed, A., & Hunter, G. R. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.2.b108 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“Evidence indicates that declining muscle mass with age is associated with declining levels of circulating hormones (33,34), including testosterone, IGF-1, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S).”
BackgroundTestosterone and Growth Hormone Improve Body Composition and Muscle Performance in Older Men
Sattler, F. R., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., Binder, E. F., Schroeder, E. T., Wang, Y., Bhasin, S., Kawakubo, M., Stewart, Y., Yarasheski, K. E., Ulloor, J., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2338 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Sarcopenic obesity and endocrinal adaptation with age
Sakuma, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2013) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2013/204164 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Age-related muscle loss is a result of reductions in the size and number of muscle fibers [21] possibly due to a multifactorial process that involves physical activity, nutritional intake, oxidative stress, and hormonal changes [3, 22].”
BackgroundEndogenous Testosterone Levels, Physical Performance, and Fall Risk in Older Men
ORWOLL, E. S. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.19.2124 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Cytokine-Related Aging Process
Morley, J. E., & Baumgartner, R. (2004) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/59.9.m924 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationStenvinkel, P., Carrero, J. J., von Walden, F., Ikizler, T. A., & Nader, G. A. (2015) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfv122 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“In parallel, total body fat increases, mostly in the abdominal area [10].”
BackgroundPrevalence of Sarcopenia and Associated Outcomes in the Clinical Setting
Peterson, S. J., & Braunschweig, C. A. (2015) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533615622537 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Roy, T. A., Blackman, M. R., Harman, S. M., Tobin, J. D., Schrager, M. A., & Metter, E. J. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00334.2001 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“A few studies have found a modest relationship between these measures in small groups of healthy older subjects (2, 15).”
BackgroundSarcopenia and Age-Related Endocrine Function
Sakuma, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2012) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2012/127362 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2012, Article ID 127362, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/127362”
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Hormonal Responses to Endurance and Resistance Exercise in Females Aged 19-69 Years
Copeland, J. L., Consitt, L. A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.4.b158 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“In men, age-related changes in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and testosterone have been shown to be significantly related to muscle mass (6), and many of the changes in body composition that occur with aging are similar to changes observed in subjects with growth hormone deficiency (4).”
BackgroundMalnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia: overlap of clinical features
Jeejeebhoy, K. N. (2012) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328352694f · Cited by 226 · see citing works
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“Moreover, age-related hormonal changes that induce sarcopenia may affect men more than women, while women may be protected partly from trophic effects of weight bearing on muscles [10].”
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Comparison of screening questionnaires for the diagnosis of hypogonadism
Morley, J. E., Perry, H. M., Kevorkian, R. T., & Patrick, P. (2006) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.07.004 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationRolland, Y., Lauwers‐Cancès, V., Pahor, M., Fillaux, J., Grandjean, H., & Vellas, B. J. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.4.552 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Although physical activity is an important predictor of muscle mass in the elderly (34), several studies reported greater relative increases in strength than in muscle mass after strength training in older subjects (32, 33, 35).”
Result
- Authors
- Baumgartner, R. N., Waters, D. L., Gallagher, D., Morley, J. E., & Garry, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of New Mexico (US)
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center (US)
- St. Louis VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morley, John E.
- Venue
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 123-136
- ISSN
- 0047-6374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042178933
- Cited by
- 809
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 9.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mechanisms of Ageing and Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG010149, AG 02049, AG 10149)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, sarcopenia, aging, older adults, sex differences, physical activity, sex hormones, free testosterone, estrone, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor I, grip strength, fat mass, cardiovascular disease, body composition
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle, Skeletal
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