Cited by 226Nutrition and Health in AgingMuscle Physiology and DisordersClinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology

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Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia: overlap of clinical features

Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N.·2012·Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

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Abstract

Purpose of review Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia all phenotypically present with the same features because they are subject to the operation of similar mechanistic factors. However, the conditions referred to above differ by which mechanism dominates the cause of the clinical condition. This review discusses the overlap and differences, which distinguish as well as unite these different conditions and allow a rationale for treatment. Recent findings In the continuum of malnutrition, cachexia, sarcopenia and frailty the recent activities focus on two areas. The first is a better understanding of the mechanisms of cachexia and sarcopenia and frailty. In particular, the differential effects of cytokines on muscle and on the hypothalamic system. The effects of inactivity promoting the loss of body mass in cachexia and sarcopenia as well as the positive effects of exercise. The second is the development of a synthesis of available literature to develop consensus documents about the definition, causes, diagnosis and treatment of cachexia, sarcopenia and frailty. Summary Loss of body tissues resulting in wasting is a common phenotype for several different conditions which can be caused by a combination of reduced food intake, excessive requirements, altered metabolism, sepsis, trauma, ageing and inactivity. They have been referred to loosely as malnutrition but in not all will respond to simply providing nutrients. In this review the common fe…

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“當食道腫瘤逐漸變大,病患開始有漸進性吞嚥困難的症狀,首先是固體食物,然後是液體,多數病患在診斷之前,曾經歷過 3~6 個月的吞嚥困難, 並伴隨體重下降[9]。同時,食道腫瘤也會導致進食後吞嚥疼痛、咳嗽或嗆到,使得病患進食量減少。另一方面,病患因腫瘤或治療導致代謝增加 (hypermetabolism),當病患攝取的能量不足以應付身體器官與肌肉活動的需求時,就造成肝醣減少、脂肪分解,長期下來導致肌肉與蛋白質分解,造成蛋白質-能量缺乏的營養不良(protein-energy malnutrition) [10]。”
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Neurological Aspects of Sarcopenia: A Comprehensive Update on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Advances
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Background
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“Accordingly, malnutrition plays a key role in the development of both sarcopenia and frailty (11,13,14).”
Background
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Background
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“Although its specific pathophysiology is not fully understood, it is known to follow similar mechanisms to sarcopenia (muscle weakness), malnutrition and is underpinned by de-regulation of inflammatory processes (Cesari et al. 2014, Jeejeebhoy 2012, Li et al. 2011).”
Background
Malnutrition and Liver Disease
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“In this context, preservation of muscle and fat reserves plays a critical role in maintaining physical functionality, preventing pressure ulcers, and improving overall quality of life [4].”
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“Frailty can also present with similar phenotypic characteristics to malnutrition and sarcopenia [18].”
The Significance of SARC-F Scores in One-Year Mortality of Adults with High Nutritional Risk with Cancer
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“Malnutrition, sarcopenia and frailty share similar etiological factors but they are distinct clinical conditions (10, 11).”
Association Between Refrigerator Openings and Protein Intake After Hospitalization for Heart Failure Decompensation: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Pilot Study
Haas, K., Scheidegger-Balmer, F., Meichtry, A., Vögeli, B., Arenja, N., Buluschek, P., & Saner, H. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/66299 · Cited by 1
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Association Between Cancer Cachexia and Prognosis in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Who Received ChemoradiotherapyPreprint
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High‐Calorie Supplements for Treatment of Anorexia or Cachexia in Older Adults
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Asthenia
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Nonpharmacological interventions for frailty and sarcopenia in older adults with gastrointestinal cancers: A Bayesian network meta-analysis
Wang, X., Hui, X., Fu, Z., Guo, Y., Duan, L., Shi, W., Dong, Q., Xu, Q., & Xu, X. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.117257
“9,10 Sarcopenia contributes to the physical component of frailty, whereas frailty reflects broader multisystem dysfunction beyond muscle impairment alone.”
Targeting skeletal muscle wasting: emerging therapeutics and translational challenges
Roberts, B. M. (2026) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2026.131001
Current status of malnutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia risks in cancer patients with comorbidities
Cui, L., Zhang, Y., Gao, G., Hao, X.-Y., Zhang, R., Zhou, L., Jiang, X., & Zhao, L.-L. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1820491
“The diagnostic criteria for frailty, sarcopenia, and malnutrition overlap with respect to weight loss, reduced muscle mass, and decreased muscle strength (6).”
Risk of Bias in Randomized Controlled Trials of Nutrition Interventions for Frailty in Older AdultsPreprint
Tawfik, M. M., & Oremus, M. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.25334686
“Nutritional interventions can lower the risk of frailty or mitigate frailty-related deterioration (e.g., sarcopenia) [14,17–19].”
The synergistic potential of GLP-1R agonist dulaglutide and ghrelin receptor analogue anamorelin in ameliorating muscle atrophy
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Frailty in Hemodialysis Patients: A Study from Two Tertiary Care Dialysis Units
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“Loss of body mass is a common phenotype for these different conditions that can be caused by a combination of reduced food intake, excessive requirements, altered metabolism, sepsis, trauma, ageing and inactivity (11, 48).”
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Background
Impact of Dietary Quality and Nutrition on General Health Status
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BackgroundInfluential
Definitions of Sarcopenia
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Authors: Jeejeebhoy, K. N.
Affiliations: St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N.
Venue: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2012-05
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Pages: 213-219
ISSN: 1363-1950 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328352694f
OpenAlex: W2332422741
Cited by: 226
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 10.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Keywords: malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia, cachexia, muscle atrophy, cytokines, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, physical inactivity, physical activity, weight loss, sepsis, aging, consensus definition
MeSH terms: Cachexia, Energy Intake, Clinical Trials as Topic, Fatigue, Hormones, Humans, Phenotype, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, Exercise, Cytokines, Nutritional Support, Sarcopenia, Sedentary Behavior

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Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia: overlap of clinical features

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