Comparison of Changes in Biochemical Markers for Skeletal Muscles, Hepatic Metabolism, and Renal Function after Three Types of Long-distance Running: Observational Study
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study is to compare changes in biochemical markers for the skeletal muscles, hepatic metabolism, and renal function based on extreme long-distance running.Among healthy amateur endurance athletes who participated in a marathon, 100 km-, or 308 km ultramarathon, 15 athletes with similar physical and demographic characteristics were chosen to be the subjects in this study, upon completion of each course. The subjects' blood was collected before and after the course to identify biochemical markers for the skeletal muscles, hepatic metabolism, and renal function.After all of the courses, creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were found to be significantly increased compared with values obtained before the race (P <0.05 for each marker). CK, LDH, AST, and LDH were significantly higher after completion of the 100 km race than the marathon (P <0.05) and were significantly higher after the 308 km race than the marathon or 100 km race (P <0.05). Total protein was significantly lower after the 308 km race than the marathon or 100 km race (P <0.05). Albumin significantly increased after the marathon but significantly decreased after the 308 km course (P <0.05). Total and direct bilirubin were significantly increased after the 100 km and 308 km races (P <0.05), and were significantly higher after the 308 km than the marathon or 100 km course (P <0.05). BUN was significantly higher after the 100 km race than the marathon (P <0.05) and was significantly lower after the 308 km than the 100 km race (P <0.05). Creatinine was significantly higher after the marathon and 100 km than the 308 km race (P <0.05). Uric acid significantly increased after the marathon and 100 km race (P <0.05); it was significantly higher after completing the marathon and 100 km than the 308 km race (P <0.05).Muscular damage, decline in hepatic function, and hemolysis in the blood were higher after running a 308 km race, which is low-intensity running compared with a marathon, and a temporary decline in renal function was higher after completing a 100 km race, which is medium-to-high intensity.
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Whole-blood markers of muscle breakdown (e.g., creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and serum creatine phosphokinase) were higher following ultra-marathons when compared to marathons run at a relatively faster pace.
“This is reinforced by empirical data showing that whole-blood markers of muscle breakdown (e.g., creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and serum creatine phosphokinase) were higher following ultra-marathons when compared to marathons run at a relatively faster pace [58, 59].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [58]
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Physiology and Pathophysiology in Ultra-Marathon Running
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“Moreover, it has been demonstrated that short and fast ultra-marathons are more likely to cause kidney injury than longer ultra-marathons at a lower speed (Shin et al., 2016).”
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“CK and LDH are reported to serve as markers of acute or chronic muscular damage and cell necrosis [51,52].”
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“Creatinine is known to be the end product in the chain of metabolic breakdown of creatine phosphate (Shin et al., 2016; Zakalskiy, Stasyuk & Gonchar, 2019).”
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“Ultra-athletes should be aware that shorter and faster ultra-marathons have greater likelihood of causing reductions in kidney function than longer and slower events [14,23,25,40,57,84].”
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Sex-Specific Physiological Responses to Ultramarathon
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“Indeed, several ultramarathon studies report significant postrace increases in total CK concentrations with values increasing congruent with race distance (52,53).”
BackgroundDecoding Ultramarathon: Muscle Damage as the Main Impediment to Performance
Tiller, N. B., & Millet, G. Y. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02127-9 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Common biomarkers such as creatine kinase (CK) exhibit resting values of 34–171 U/L but increase up to 1000 U/L after a mara-thon and > 10,000 U/L after a long ultramarathon [27–32].”
Mieszkowski, J., Stankiewicz, B., Kochanowicz, A., Niespodziński, B., Borkowska, A., Sikorska, K., Daniłowicz‐Szymanowicz, L., Brzezinska, P. B., & Antosiewicz, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.731889 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Consequently, high-intensity or long-duration exercise can potentially lead to major changes in the markers of tissue damage that are commonly associated with pathological states (Smith et al., 2004).”
Backgroundde Oliveira, R. A., Sierra, A., Benetti, M., Ghorayeb, N., Sierra-Reyes, C. A., Kiss, M. A. P. D. ́., & Cury‐Boaventura, M. F. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/9824192 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Hemolysis induces iron release and an imbalance in the iron metabolism [32].”
BackgroundExercise Is Medicine? The Cardiorespiratory Implications of Ultra-marathon
Tiller, N. B., Stewart, G. M., Illidi, C. R., & Levine, B. D. (2020) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000738 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Others have observed whole-blood markers of muscle breakdown to be higher following ultramarathons compared with marathons run at a relatively faster pace (67,68).”
BackgroundBurtscher, J., Vanderriele, P., Legrand, M. M., Predel, H., Niebauer, J., O’Keefe, J. H., Millet, G. P., & Burtscher, M. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01734-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This also may apply to diagnostic criteria for AKI, as a more pronounced temporary decline in renal function was observed after completing a 100 km race compared to a 308 km race [97].”
MethodNescolarde, L., Roca, E., Bogónez-Franco, P., Hernández‐Hermoso, J. A., Bayés‐Genís, A., & Ara, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00352 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“As a consequence, at 24 h post-race, large amounts of muscle proteins will be released into the bloodstream, like creatinine kinase (CK) (Brancaccio et al., 2007, 2010; Shin et al., 2016), which is easily assessed in the serum and is a sensitive, but not specific, marker of muscle tissue damage.”
BackgroundSuzuki, Y., Nagato, S., Sakuraba, K., Morio, K., & Sawaki, K. (2020) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831/a000627 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Athlete’s Passport: Prevention of Infections, Inflammations, Injuries and Cardiovascular Diseases
Mennitti, C., Brancaccio, M., Gentile, L., Ranieri, A., Terracciano, D., Cennamo, M., Civita, E. L., Liotti, A., D’Alicandro, G., Mazzaccara, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9082540 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“A CK increase represents a marker of cell necrosis and acute or chronic muscle damage [5], in which the serum concentration of CK increases proportionally with exercise and tissue damage [3].”
BackgroundRojas‐Valverde, D., Olcina, G. J., Sánchez‐Ureña, B., et al. (2020) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina56110562 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Bilirubinuria could also be related to hepatic disturbance during long-distance running [41,42].”
BackgroundRojas‐Valverde, D., Martínez‐Guardado, I., Sánchez‐Ureña, B., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910217 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The effects of a soccer match on muscle damage indicators
Devrnja, A., & Matković, B. (2018) · Kinesiology · doi:10.26582/k.50.1.15 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
LDH isoenzyme 5 is an index of early onset muscle soreness during prolonged running
Tokinoya, K., Ishikura, K., Yoshida, Y., Ra, S., Sugasawa, T., Aoyagi, A., Nabekura, Y., Takekoshi, K., & Ohmori, H. (2020) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10278-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
de Souza, R. F., de Matos, D. G., Ferreira, A. R. P., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002502 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This tends to increase damage to muscular structures such as the cytoskeleton, sarcomeres, T-tubules, and sarcolemma (10) and increases blood markers of muscle, liver, and renal damage (8,14,21), levels of inflammatory biomarkers (5), and incidence of injuries or illness (17).”
BackgroundBrancaccio, M., Mennitti, C., Cesaro, A., Monda, E., D’Argenio, V., Casaburi, G., Mazzaccara, C., Ranieri, A., Fimiani, F., Barretta, F., et al. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11112144 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Freese, J. (2013) · Journal of Evolution and Health An Ancestral Health Society Publication · doi:10.15310/2334-3591.1035 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This stress marker has also been shown to increase after long-distance runs [65, 66].”
BackgroundEffects of running a marathon on irisin concentration in men aged over 50
Jóźków, P., Koźlenia, D., Zawadzka, K., Konefał, M., Chmura, P., Młynarska, K., Kosowski, M., Mędraś, M., Chmura, J., Ponikowski, P. P., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12576-018-0619-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“1 3 an extreme endurance exercise [13], which has become increasingly popular in recent years.”
BackgroundInfluentialPark, M.-H., Shin, K., Kim, C., et al. (2018) · Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.5535/arm.2018.42.4.575 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationPacing During and Physiological Response After a 12-Hour Ultra-Marathon in a 95-Year-Old Male Runner
Knechtle, B., Jastrzębski, Z., Rosemann, T. J., & Nikolaidis, P. Τ. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01875 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“It is well-known that biomarkers of skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney damage increase partially dramatically during an ultra-marathon (Jastrzebski et al., 2015a; Shin et al., 2016) where higher age and faster running speeds lead to more pronounced damage in both liver and kidney.”
BackgroundCoker, M. S., Ladd, K., Murphy, C. J., Ruby, B. C., Shriver, T. C., Schoeller, D. A., Newcomer, B. R., Bateman, T., Bartlett, L., & Coker, R. H. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14682 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Excessive positive energy balance combined with (a) triglycerides derived from hepatic de novo lipogenesis, (b) fatty acids derived from stored fat, and (c) triglyceride rich lipoproteins, overwhelm normal lipid flux and hepatic function (Shojaee-Moradie et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHaematological, Biochemical and Hormonal Biomarkers of Heat Intolerance in Military Personnel
Alele, F. O., Malau‐Aduli, B. S., Malau‐Aduli, A. E. O., & Crowe, M. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10101068 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Thus, it is plausible that if participants are exposed to high-intensity physical activity in hot conditions, the level of CK may increase significantly in those who are heat intolerant [45].”
BackgroundBaharoon, B. M. M., Shaik, A. M., El-Hamidy, S. M., et al. (2022) · Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.058 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A bichromatic (340, 700 nm) rate method is used to measure the alteration in the absorption spectrum, which is directly related to ALT levels (Tietz et al., 2006; Shaw, 1983).”
BackgroundInfluentialParks, participation and the Parkrun ‘move-ment’ in South Africa
de Vries, L., Kotzé, N., & McKay, T. J. M. (2022) · South African Geographical Journal · doi:10.1080/03736245.2022.2087727 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…whereas the Parkrun literature examines the Parkrun from legal and social perspectives (Burr et al., 2013; Goyder et al., 2018; Hoffman & Fogard, 2012; Holt et al., 2014; Kotze & Visser, 2008; Schneider et al., 2019; Shin et al., 2016; Stevens et al., 2019; Wiltshire & Stevinson, 2018).”
BackgroundBozbay, K., Çınar, V., Akbulut, T., Aydemir, İ., Yasul, Y., Aytaç, K. Y., Özkaya, A., Russo, L., Fusco, A., & Migliaccio, G. M. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14167284 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A combination of routine blood analytes predicts fitness decrement in elderly endurance athletes
Haslacher, H., Ratzinger, F., Perkmann, T., Batmyagmar, D., Nistler, S., Scherzer, T. M., Ponocny‐Seliger, E., Pilger, A., Gerner, M. C., Scheichenberger, V., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177174 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Goff, C. M. L., Jf, K., Dulgheru, R., et al. (2020) · Acta cardiologica. Supplementum · doi:10.1080/00015385.2020.1778871 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Are pre‐race serum blood biomarkers associated with the 24‐h ultramarathon race performance?
Amatori, S., Sisti, D., Bertuccioli, A., Rocchi, M., Luchetti, F., Nasoni, M. G., Papa, S., Citarella, R., Perroni, F., & Benedetti, S. (2024) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12073 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
de Souza, R. F., de Matos, D. G., dos Santos, J. L., et al. (2022) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438627.2022.2122826 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…to muscle tissues such as cytoskeletons, sarcomeres, T -tubules, and sarcolemma (Fridén & Lieber, 2001), and amplifies tissue, kidney, and renal harm (Shin et al., 2016), inflammatory biomarkers (Comassi et al., 2015), and injury or disease occurrence (Botting, 2006, Newsham-West et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPacing in a 94-year-old runner during a 6-hour run
Knechtle, B., & Nikolaidis, P. Τ. (2018) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s155526 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Creatine kinase generally increases after a longer run as a measure of skeletal muscle damage(24) where the increase depends on the age of the athlete and the length of the race.(25,26) An explanation for the relatively low increase in creatine kinase might be the low fat-free mass of the athlete due to his older age.”
BackgroundStewart, G. M., Fermoyle, C. C., Wheatley, C. M., et al. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003448 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In accordance with previous work, competing in an ultra-marathon was associated with an increase in biomarkers of cardiac (52) and skeletal muscle (53) injury.”
dos SANTOS, J. D. M., Aidar, F. J., de Matos, D. G., de Oliveira, J. U., Júnior, A. S. S., dos Santos, J. L., Marçal, A. C., & de Araújo, S. S. (2021) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/grpj9600 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Peripheral Vascular and Neuromuscular Responses to Ultramarathon Running
Landers‐Ramos, R. Q., Dondero, K. R., Rowland, R. W., Larkins, D., & Addison, O. R. (2021) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-021-00142-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kidney Function and Extreme Endurance Races: Risks, Mechanisms, and Preventing Strategies
Kulbacka, J., Dziedzic, K., Arczewski, F., Wójcikiewicz, M., Chuncia-Ileczko, M., Kacperczyk, J., Czyż, W., Zys, D., Pasek, P., & Ryniecka, J. (2025) · Quality in Sport · doi:10.12775/qs.2025.37.57434 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wie ungesund ist ein Ultramarathon?
Knechtle, B., & Nikolaidis, P. Τ. (2018) · Praxis · doi:10.1024/1661-8157/a002943 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Choi, E. S., Park, Y., Ahn, J., Piao, S.-Z., Lee, Y.-H., Yoon, J. H., Kwon, M.-G., Shin, K., & Kim, Y. (2019) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08533-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationVauthier, J., Touzé, C., Mauvieux, B., et al. (2024) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15935 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The dynamics of cell-free DNA from urine and blood after a full marathonPreprint
Shishikura, Y., Tokinoya, K., Aita, Y., Sekine, N., Sugasawa, T., Yoshida, Y., Kosaki, K., Kumamoto, S., Ishikura, K., Kuji, T., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.06.434188 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lecina, M., Otín, C. C., García-Giménez, A., & de la Fuente, F. P. (2024) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles3030022 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Regarding the increase in the post vs. pre LDH values, only six studies assessed the LDH biomarkers [36,46–48, 52”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialGarcía-Giménez, A., de la Fuente, F. P., Lecina, M., et al. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14020136 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The moderate positive correlation between CK and LDH elevations (r = 0.50) further highlights their interconnected roles as markers of muscle damage, as both enzymes are released into circulation following sarcolemma disruption during intense physical exertion [39–41].”
InfluentialErdoğan, R. (2021) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International · doi:10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i831207 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Changes are observed in liver enzyme values during heavy and intensive training, and LDH, AST and ALT enzymes are used commonly in determining a hepatocellular damage [4,5,6].”
BackgroundEvaluation of Antioxidant Defence Systems and Inflammatory Status in Basketball Elite Athletes
Gentile, A., Punziano, C., Calvanese, M., de Falco, R., Gentile, L., D’Alicandro, G., Miele, C., Capasso, F., Pero, R., Mazzaccara, C., et al. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14101891 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Therefore, it is necessary to monitor both enzymes in agonists to assess muscle health [17,18,20].”
BackgroundModel for predicting metabolic activity in athletes based on biochemical blood test analysis
Zaborova, V., Balakin, E. I., Yurku, K. A., et al. (2024) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2024.06.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Impact of Endurance Exercise on Routine Laboratory Parameters in Young Trained Individuals
Nowak, R., Turkiewicz, K., Sławiński, M., Clark, J. S. C., Szylińska, A., Proia, P., Jodko, Ł., Wojciuk, B., Sulżyc‐Bielicka, V., & Kostrzewa‐Nowak, D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14165703 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“A comparison of long-distance runs showed a decrease in total protein levels immediately after the 302 km race and an increase after the marathon [55].”
InfluentialMountain Cycling Ultramarathon Effects on Inflammatory and Hemoglobin Responses
Alonso, I., Matos, A., Ribeiro, R. J. T., Gil, Â., CARDOSO, C., Sardinha, L. B., & Bicho, M. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001440 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of Ultramarathon on the Anterior Pituitary and Thyroid Hormones
Shin, K., & Kim, Y. (2018) · The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.5763/kjsm.2018.36.4.214 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationEfficiency Research of the Beverage Based on the Still Mineral Water and BAD “Eramin”
Tolmachev, V., Tikhonov, S. L., & Tikhonova, N. V. (2020) · Food Industry · doi:10.29141/2500-1922-2020-5-3-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In the blood serum of the athletes in the control group there is a high CPK value (137 units/l), indicating the training intensity, the possibility to injure the muscle tissue and being consistent with the research results [18].”
ResultBiomarkers of tissue injury in high-intensity interval running: a systematic review
Sales, T. D., de Mello, D. B., Romão, W. S., Nunes, R. D. A. M., Neves, E. B., de Castro, J. B. P., & Vale, R. G. D. S. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia do Exercício · doi:10.33233/rbfex.v20i4.4752 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, L. (2023) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1389201024666230810094809 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Aktitiz, S., Kuru, D., Ergün, Z., & Turnagöl, H. H. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.47447/tjsm.0807 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
High-performance and elite sports
Achtzehn, S., Broich, H., & Mester, J. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54497-6_23 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bone, Muscle, and Skeletal Disease
Baxter, V. K., Shaw, G. C., Garrett, C. M., & Pate, K. A. M. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811829-0.00014-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dryfilm-ATR-FTIR analysis of urinary profiles as a point-of-care tool to evaluate aerobic exercise
Béjar-Grimalt, J., Illana, Á. S., de la Guárdia, M., Garrigues, S., Catalá-Vilaplana, I., Bermejo, J. L., Priego‐Quesada, J. I., & Pérez-Guaita, D. (2024) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d4ay00913d · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cardona, D. M. G., Landázuri, P., Zuluaga, C. F. A., & Restrepo, B. (2021) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v43i0.88333 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…los polifenoles han sido estudiados en relación con su efecto en diferentes marcadores bioquímicos y fisiológicos (Guerrero-Ospina et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016), sin embargo, el efecto del consumo de jugo P edulis, sobre marcadores bioquímicos en atletas mujeres de la…”
BackgroundLoureiro, A. C. C., Nocrato, G. F., Correia, A. L. L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.811514 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hochleistungs- und Spitzensport
Achtzehn, S., Broich, H., & Mester, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-54196-8_23 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Radák, Z. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815137-2.00013-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
D’Alleva, M., Sanz, J. M., Giovanelli, N., Graniero, F., Mari, L., Spaggiari, R., Sergi, D., Ghisellini, S., Passaro, A., & Lazzer, S. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05697-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…of the race and the main intensity of the race during a marathon or ultramarathon are more likely to lead to kidney damage (McCullough et al. 2011; Shin et al. 2016), whereas Hewing et al. (2015) reported a weak but significant negative correlation between lower eGFR values and the duration of…”
InfluentialEffect of Extreme Long-Distance Running on Hepatic Metabolism and Renal Function in Middle-Aged Men
Shin, K., & Kim, Y. (2018) · Journal of Experimental & Biomedical Sciences/Biomedical Science Letters · doi:10.15616/bsl.2018.24.4.411 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“특히 간 효 소인 LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), 총 빌리루빈(total bilirubin, T-Bil) 및 ALP (alkaline phosphatase)는 장거리 달리 기에서 상승하며, 상승 정도는 운동량(workload)에 비례 한다(Shin et al., 2016).”
Self-citationManechini, J. P. V., Aquino, R., de Moraes, C., et al. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte · doi:10.1590/rbce.42.2019.063 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liste alphabétique des données
Laure, P., & Dine, G. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-76041-9.00001-5
Khansooz, M., Abedi, B., & Sayah, M. (2017) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Preanalytical variables and their potential impact on biomarkers and precision medicine initiative
Halim, A. B. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816121-0.00009-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Application of information technologies for the assessment of occupational stress in athletes
Nekrasova, M. M., Chernikova, E. F., Зуев, А. В., Polevaya, S. A., & Parin, S. B. (2019) · Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology · doi:10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-10-871-876
Hippa, H., & Kurina, O. (2012) · INFM-OAR (INFN Catania) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.209046
BIRAT, A., GARNIER, Y. M., Bourdier, P., DUPUY, A., Alexandre, D. O. D. U., GROSSOEUVRE, C., Dupont, A., RANCE, M., MOREL, C., Nottin, S., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13372-4
Research update for articles published in EJCI in 2016
Adlbrecht, C., Blanco‐Verea, A., Bouzas-Mosquera, C., Brión, M., Burtscher, M., Carbone, F., Chang, T., Charmandari, E., Chen, J., Correia‐Costa, L., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13016
Kalpana, K., Yagnambhatt, V. R., Bhati, P., Hussain, M. E., & Khanna, G. L. (2023) · Sleep and Vigilance · doi:10.1007/s41782-023-00239-2
Prediction of Metabolic Activity of Rowing Athletes Based on Blood Serum Biochemical Analysis
Pustovoyt, V. I., Astrelina, T. A., Balakin, E. I., et al. (2023) · BIOPHYSICS · doi:10.1134/s0006350923020197
Biomolecular Response During Marathon and Ultramarathon Events
Sari, O. (2022) · Kinestetik Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani · doi:10.33369/jk.v6i2.21494
Prediction of metabolic activity of rowing athletes based on serum biochemical analysis
Pustovoyt, V. I., Astrelina, T. A., Balakin, E. I., et al. (2023) · Биофизика · doi:10.31857/s0006302923020205
- Authors
- Shin, K.-A., Park, K. D., Ahn, J., Park, Y., & Kim, Y.-J.
- Affiliations
- Inje University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Ki Deok
- Park, Yongbum
- Venue
- Medicine
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- e3657
- ISSN
- 0025-7974 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4902411
- OpenAlex
- W2407546570
- Semantic Scholar
- 5ec2bc217022c99f10adb00aadbcd1f02d135357
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 10.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- long-distance running, ultramarathon, marathon running, endurance athletes, biochemical markers, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, renal function, hepatic metabolism, muscle damage, hemolysis, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alanine Transaminase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Aspartate Aminotransferases, Bilirubin, Blood Urea Nitrogen, Creatine Kinase, Creatinine, gamma-Glutamyltransferase, Humans, Kidney, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Liver, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Endurance, Running, Serum Albumin, Uric Acid, Biomarkers, Muscle, Skeletal
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