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Functional connectivity of the default mode network predicts subsequent polysomnographically measured sleep in people with symptoms of insomnia
Open accessAbstract
Insomnia is often accompanied by excessive pre-sleep rumination. Such ruminative thinking is also associated with increased connectivity of the default mode network (DMN). It is likely that DMN connectivity and associated rumination contribute to the pathogenesis of insomnia. We hypothesized that resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the DMN and other brain regions prior to bedtime would predict objectively measured sleep among individuals with insomnia. Twenty participants (12 female; M age = 26.9, SD = 6.6 years) with symptoms of insomnia underwent an rsFC scan in the early evening followed by a night of polysomographically (PSG) measured sleep. Connectivity of the DMN with other brain regions was regressed against several PSG sleep metrics, including time in wake, N1, N2, N3, REM, total sleep time (TST), and sleep efficiency (SE) at a cluster corrected false discovery rate (FDR) correction P< 0.05. The connectivity between DMN and cortical regions was negatively correlated with PSG indices of poorer sleep including time in wake (right angular gyrus) and N1 (precuneus) but positively correlated with time in REM (orbitofrontal cortex), TST (insula, orbitofrontal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, paracingulate gyrus), SE (orbitofrontal cortex). Connectivity between DMN and the pons was negatively correlated with SE. Among individuals with symptoms of insomnia, better sleep was predicted by rsFC between the DMN and cortical regions involved in executive functioning, consciousness, and complex cognition. Findings raise the possibility that future interventions aimed at suppressing pre-sleep DMN activation may weaken synergy between pre-sleep ruminative worry and complex cognitions, potentially ameliorating problems falling asleep.
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Elevated levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone and copeptin are demonstrated in individuals with chronic insomnia, reflecting hypothalamic activation and sympathetic nerve excitation.
“Recent evidence also demonstrates elevated levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and copeptin (a marker of arginine vasopressin activity) in individuals with chronic insomnia, reflecting both hypothalamic activation and sympathetic nerve excitation [26].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [26]
The Introduction discusses pre-sleep cognitive hyperarousal and default mode network activity, while the Methods describe brain scans and sleep measurements in people with insomnia symptoms. Searches for corticotropin-releasing hormone, copeptin, hypothalamic activation, and sympathetic nerve excitation found no passage addressing the claimed biomarker elevations; the copy is not marked as truncated. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“In consensus with the literature (24,25), we found in this prior work that stronger connectivity between the default mode network (DMN) and motor regions was related to shorter sleep duration and that lower sleep duration was correlated with increased functional connectivity between primary visual…”
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“…are central: excessive, context-inappropriate engagement of the default mode network fuels pre-sleep rumination and inward-focused cognition, while aberrant salient network activation amplifies interoceptive and autonomic signals that oppose sleep initiation (Killgore et al. 2023; Yu et al. 2025).”
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“Given the roles of the precuneus in the DMN and the FOrb in emotional and arousal regulation, these connectivity changes may be associated with improved sleep quality [44, 45].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Killgore, W. D. S., Jankowski, S., Henderson-Arredondo, K., Lucas, D. A., Patel, S. I., Hildebrand, L. L., Huskey, A., & Dailey, N. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Killgore, William D.S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroReport
- Published
- 2023-08-18
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 734-740
- ISSN
- 0959-4965 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10470430
- OpenAlex
- W4386047057
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 5.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroreport (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- insomnia, default mode network, resting-state functional connectivity, sleep efficiency, sleep architecture, REM sleep, total sleep time, passive optical networks, orbitofrontal cortex, precuneus, angular gyrus
- MeSH terms
- Default Mode Network, Adult, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Sleep, Wakefulness, Polysomnography, Young Adult, Connectome
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