The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
Purpose of review Women are more impacted by Alzheimer's disease than men - they are at significantly greater risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, and recent research shows that they also appear to suffer a greater cognitive deterioration than men at the same disease stage. The purpose of this article is to review recent studies on examining sex differences in cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Recent findings We searched electronically for articles, reviews and meta-analyses published between 1/2016 and 12/2017 and identified 298 articles on sex differences in cognition in Alzheimer's disease. The key themes to emerge were sex differences in cognitive function, risk factors, resilience, and cognitive reserve. Summary Evidence is steadily and increasingly accumulating to confirm the poorer cognitive outcome for women than men with Alzheimer's disease. Although small in size, the effects occur across a broad range of cognitive domains including visuospatial, verbal, episodic memory, and semantic memory - some of which typically reveal a sex-related processing advantage for healthy women. Explanations have been linked to a variety of factors including differences in cognitive reserve, resilience, as well as genetics (apolipoprotein ε4) and functional and structural brain changes. Sex-related differences in risk factors, resilience, cognitive reserve, and rates of deterioration have implications for clinical practice.
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In the citing paper
“although mounting evidence suggests that women are at heightened risk for exhibiting AD pathophysiology.5–8”
In the citing paper
“there is a higher incidence of AD in women (Ferretti et al., 2018; van der Flier and Scheltens, 2005; Laws et al., 2018; Mazure and Swendsen, 2016)”
From The Major Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease: Age, Sex, and Genes Modulate the Microglia Response to Aβ Plaques (2019) · cites this paper as Laws et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Clinical evidence of sex-specific cognitive trajectories in AD further supports this distinction, as women often experience accelerated cognitive decline despite a similar or lower amyloid burden compared with men (Laws et al., 2018).”
From Multimodal MRI combined with RNA sequencing reveals pathological signatures in the 9-month-old 3×Tg-AD mouse brain (2026) · cites this paper as Laws et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“Notable sex differences in the clinical and pathological presentation between the sexes exist, each of which have been extensively reviewed previously [258–261]”
From Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease (2020) · cites this paper as [260]
Citations
Cites
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Neu, S. C., Pa, J., Kukull, W., Beekly, D., Kuzma, A., Gangadharan, P., Wang, L.-S., Romero, K., Arneric, S. P., Redolfi, A., et al. (2017) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2188 · Cited by 674
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Holland, D., Desikan, R. S., Dale, A. M., & McEvoy, L. K. (2013) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a3601 · Cited by 219
Gender Differences in Alzheimer Disease: Brain Atrophy, Histopathology Burden, and Cognition
Filon, J. R., Intorcia, A. J., Sue, L. I., Vazquez Arreola, E., Wilson, J., Davis, K. J., Sabbagh, M. N., Belden, C. M., Caselli, R. J., Adler, C. H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlw047 · Cited by 143 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, neuroimaging [5 && ] and postmortem [6] studies point to potentially different underlying Alzheimer’s disease pathology between the sexes.”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 23
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sala Frigerio, C., Wolfs, L., Fattorelli, N., Thrupp, N., Voytyuk, I., Schmidt, I., Mancuso, R., Chen, W.-T., Woodbury, M. E., Srivastava, G., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.099 · Cited by 926
Buckley, R. F., Mormino, E. C., Rabin, J. S., Hohman, T. J., Landau, S., Hanseeuw, B. J., Jacobs, H. I. L., Papp, K. V., Amariglio, R. E., Properzi, M. J., et al. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.4693 · Cited by 373
Sex differences in obesity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation—A role for the sex chromosomes?
Zore, T., Palafox, M., & Reue, K. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.04.003 · Cited by 239
Gurvich, C., Hoy, K., Thomas, N., & Kulkarni, J. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8090163 · Cited by 150
Genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease
Neuner, S. M., TCW, J., & Goate, A. M. (2020) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104976 · Cited by 126
“Notable sex differences in the clinical and pathological presentation between the sexes exist, each of which have been extensively reviewed previously (Dumitrescu et al., 2019a; Mielke et al., 2014; Laws et al., 2018; Laws et al., 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Laws, K. R., Irvine, K., & Gale, T. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Laws, Keith R.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Psychiatry
- Published
- 2018-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 133-139
- ISSN
- 0951-7367 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2954842119
- Cited by
- 216
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 15.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, sex differences, cognitive decline, cognitive reserve, resilience, APOE ε4, risk factors, episodic memory, semantic memory, visuospatial processing, women
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Resilience, Psychological
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