Genetic basis of autism: is there a way forward?
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This paper outlines some of the key findings from genetic research carried out in the last 12-18 months, which indicate that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disorder involving interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. RECENT FINDINGS: The current literature highlights the presence of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in ASD with a number of underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. In this regard, there are at least three phenotypic presentations with distinct genetic underpinnings: autism plus phenotype characterized by syndromic ASD caused by rare, single-gene disorders; broad autism phenotype caused by genetic variations in single or multiple genes, each of these variations being common and distributed continually in the general population, but resulting in varying clinical phenotypes when it reaches a certain threshold through complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions; and severe and specific phenotype caused by 'de-novo' mutations in the patient or transmitted through asymptomatic carriers of such mutation. SUMMARY: Understanding the neurobiological processes by which genotypes become phenotypes, along with the advances in developmental neuroscience and neuronal networks at the cellular and molecular level, is paving the way for translational research involving targeted interventions of affected molecular pathways and early intervention programs that promote normal brain responses to stimuli and alter the developmental trajectory.
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The overrepresentation of high-risk siblings in latent classes with subtly disturbed functioning is consonant with genetic models of autism spectrum disorder that encompass transmission of subclinical manifestations in a subset of first-degree relatives.
“The overrepresentation of HR siblings among latent classes characterized by subtly disturbed levels of functioning is consonant with genetic models of ASD that encompass the transmission of subclinical manifestations of the autistic syndrome in a subset of first-degree relatives, on the basis of either incomplete penetrance or additive (multigenic) models of inheritance.39–41”
From Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age (2013) · cites this paper as [39]
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Neuregulin 2 Is a Candidate Gene for Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Pathways from Genes to Symptoms in Tourette Syndrome
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Autism and Dia1 Family: Cellular Secretory Pathway
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The quality of therapeutic alliance in a parent-mediated intervention for autism
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Näätänen, R., Kujala, T., & Light, G. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198705079.003.0004
Näätänen, R., Kujala, T., & Light, G. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198705079.003.0007
Näätänen, R., Kujala, T., & Light, G. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198705079.003.0006
Expression Profiles Of PTEN And POGZ Genes In Patients With Autism
TEZCAN, T., Şener, E. F., Demi̇rci̇, E., Şahın, N., Hamurcu, Z., & Öztop, D. B. (2022) · Acta Medica Alanya · doi:10.30565/medalanya.1148353
Näätänen, R., Kujala, T., & Light, G. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198705079.002.0007
Näätänen, R., Kujala, T., & Light, G. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198705079.002.0003
Näätänen, R., Kujala, T., & Light, G. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198705079.002.0010
Näätänen, R., Kujala, T., & Light, G. A. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198705079.002.0005
Wu, W. T., John, J. R., Diaz, A. M., Dissanayake, C., & Eapen, V. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07387-0
Self-citationLi, Y., Qiu, S., Shi, J., Guo, Y., Li, Z., Cheng, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13004132
- Authors
- Eapen, V.
- Affiliations
- Sydney South West Area Health Service (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Eapen, Valsamma
- ORCID
- Eapen, Valsamma
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Psychiatry
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 226-236
- ISSN
- 0951-7367 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2334481864
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, autism genetics, genetic heterogeneity, phenotypic heterogeneity, broader autism phenotype, de novo mutations, gene-environment interaction, epigenetics, genotype-phenotype correlation, early intervention, translational research
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Genotype, Humans, Phenotype, Epigenesis, Genetic, Epigenomics
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