Signalling boosts the evolution of cooperation in repeated group interactions
Open accessAbstract
Many biological and social systems show significant levels of collective action. Several cooperation mechanisms have been proposed, yet they have been mostly studied independently. Among these, direct reciprocity supports cooperation on the basis of repeated interactions among individuals. Signals and quorum dynamics may also drive cooperation. Here, we resort to an evolutionary game-theoretical model to jointly analyse these two mechanisms and study the conditions in which evolution selects for direct reciprocity, signalling, or their combination. We show that signalling alone leads to higher levels of cooperation than when combined with reciprocity, while offering additional robustness against errors. Specifically, successful strategies in the realm of direct reciprocity are often not selected in the presence of signalling, and memory of past interactions is only exploited opportunistically in the case of earlier coordination failure. Differently, signalling always evolves, even when costly. In the light of these results, it may be easier to understand why direct reciprocity has been observed only in a limited number of cases among non-humans, whereas signalling is widespread at all levels of complexity.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Real interactions are repeated rather than one-shot.
“Indeed, real interactions are repeated rather than the one-shot interaction assumed above [11, 10, 30, 33, 28].”
From Conditional investment strategy in evolutionary trust games with repeated group interactions (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
In repeated interactions, investors have the opportunity to adjust their actions according to the investment environment they encountered.
“Furthermore, in repeated interactions, investors have the opportunity to adjust their actions according to the investment environment they encountered [30, 34, 28].”
From Conditional investment strategy in evolutionary trust games with repeated group interactions (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hardin, G. (1968) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 · Cited by 25,167 · see citing works
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
Trivers, R. L. (1971) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/406755 · Cited by 11,010 · see citing works
Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation
Nowak, M. A. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1133755 · Cited by 5,894 · see citing works
The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?
Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.298.5598.1569 · Cited by 5,189 · see citing works
Miller, M. B., & Bassler, B. L. (2001) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.165 · Cited by 5,127 · see citing works
The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure
Skyrms, B. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165228 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works
Emergence of cooperation and evolutionary stability in finite populations
Nowak, M. A., Sasaki, A., Taylor, C., & Fudenberg, D. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02414 · Cited by 1,403 · see citing works
Rand, D. G., & Nowak, M. A. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.003 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Spatial structure, cooperation and competition in biofilms
Nadell, C. D., Drescher, K., & Foster, K. R. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.84 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies
Clutton-Brock, T. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08366 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Costly Signaling and Cooperation
Gintis, H. M., Smith, E. A., & Bowles, S. (2001) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1006/jtbi.2001.2406 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Skyrms, B. (2010) · DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580828.001.0001 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
The evolution of reciprocity in sizable groups
Boyd, R. T., & Richerson, P. J. (1988) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5193(88)80219-4 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Theraulaz, G., & Bonabeau, E. (1999) · Artificial Life · doi:10.1162/106454699568700 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Stochastic dynamics of invasion and fixation
Traulsen, A., Nowak, M. A., & Pacheco, J. M. (2006) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.74.011909 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
TIT FOR TAT in sticklebacks and the evolution of cooperation
Milinski, M. (1987) · Nature · doi:10.1038/325433a0 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation
Stevens, J. R., & HAUSER, M. D. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.12.003 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
The Origins and Evolution of Leadership
King, A. J., JOHNSON, D. D. P., & van Vugt, M. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.027 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Evolutionary cycles of cooperation and defection
Imhof, L. A., Fudenberg, D., & Nowak, M. A. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502589102 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Imitation processes with small mutations
Fudenberg, D., & Imhof, L. A. (2006) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1016/j.jet.2005.04.006 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Evolutionary dynamics of collective action in N -person stag hunt dilemmas
Pacheco, J. M., Santos, F. C., Souza, M. O., & Skyrms, B. (2008) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1126 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationRelatedness and the fraternal major transitions
Queller, D. C. (2000) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0727 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Risk of collective failure provides an escape from the tragedy of the commons
Santos, F. C., & Pacheco, J. M. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015648108 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationCollective action and the evolution of social norm internalization
Sergey Gavrilets, B., & Richerson, P. J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1703857114 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Social norm complexity and past reputations in the evolution of cooperation
Santos, F. P., Santos, F. C., & Pacheco, J. M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25763 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution of cooperation under -person snowdrift games
Souza, M. O., Pacheco, J. M., & Santos, F. C. (2009) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.07.010 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolving the Psychological Mechanisms for Cooperation
Stevens, J. R., Cushman, F. A., & HAUSER, M. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.113004.083814 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Partners and rivals in direct reciprocity
Hilbe, C., Chatterjee, K., & Nowak, M. A. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0320-9 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Communication and collective action: language and the evolution of human cooperation
Smith, E. A. (2010) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.03.001 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Why Is Reciprocity So Rare in Social Animals? A Protestant Appeal
Hammerstein, P. (2003) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3232.003.0007 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Emergence of cooperation in public goods games
Kurokawa, S., & 井原, 泰. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1546 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Correlated pay-offs are key to cooperation
Michael Taborsky, A., Frommen, J. G., & Riehl, C. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0084 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Memory- n strategies of direct reciprocity
Hilbe, C., Martínez-Vaquero, L. A., Chatterjee, K., & Nowak, M. A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1621239114 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Evolution of personality differences in leadership
Johnstone, R. A., & Manica, A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1102191108 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
A Mechanism for Value-Sensitive Decision-Making
Pais, D., Hogan, P. M., Schlegel, T., Franks, N. R., Leonard, N. E., & Marshall, J. A. R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073216 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Emergence of Fairness in Repeated Group Interactions
Segbroeck, S. V., Pacheco, J. M., Lenaerts, T., & Santos, F. C. (2012) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.158104 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom reciprocity to unconditional altruism through signalling benefits
Lotem, A., Fishman, M. A., & Stone, L. (2003) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2225 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Synergy and Group Size in Microbial Cooperation
Cornforth, D. M., Sumpter, D. J. T., Brown, S. P., & Brännström, Å. (2012) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/667193 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Co-evolution of pre-play signaling and cooperation
dos Santos, F. C. B., Pacheco, J. M., & Skyrms, B. (2011) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing reactive and memory-one strategies of direct reciprocity
Baek, S. K., Jeong, H.-C., Hilbe, C., & Nowak, M. A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25676 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Evolution and Ecology of Cooperation – History and Concepts
Gardner, A., & Foster, K. R. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75957-7_1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Evolving the ingredients for reciprocity and spite
HAUSER, M. D., McAuliffe, K., & Blake, P. R. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0116 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Evolution of All-or-None Strategies in Repeated Public Goods Dilemmas
Pinheiro, F. L., de Vasconcelos, V. V. L., Santos, F. C., & Pacheco, J. M. (2014) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003945 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationSynergy between intention recognition and commitments in cooperation dilemmas
Han, T. A., Santos, F. C., Lenaerts, T., & Pereira, L. M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep09312 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolutionary dynamics of collective action in spatially structured populations
Peña, J., Nöldeke, G., & Lehmann, L. (2015) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.06.039 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
de Melo, C. M., & Terada, K. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71919-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Timing uncertainty in collective risk dilemmas encourages group reciprocation and polarization
Domingos, E. F., Grujić, J., Santos, F. C., Burguillo, J. C., Kirchsteiger, G., Santos, F. C., & Lenaerts, T. (2020) · Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) · doi:10.5061/dryad.5qfttdz2t · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationGenerosity Pays in the Presence of Direct Reciprocity: A Comprehensive Study of 2×2 Repeated Games
Martínez-Vaquero, L. A., Cuesta, J. A., & Sánchez, Á. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035135 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kurokawa, S., Wakano, J. Y., & Ihara, Y. (2010) · Theoretical Population Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2010.03.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Takezawa, M., & Price, M. E. (2010) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.01.028 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Combination with anti-tit-for-tat remedies problems of tit-for-tat
Yi, S. D., Baek, S. K., & Choi, J.-K. (2016) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.09.017 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stochastic Dynamics through Hierarchically Embedded Markov Chains
de Vasconcelos, V. V. L., Santos, F. P., Santos, F. C., & Pacheco, J. M. (2017) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.058301 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationIndividual memory and the emergence of cooperation
Moreira, J. A. G., Vukov, J., Sousa, C., Santos, F. C., d'Almeida, A. F., Santos, M. D., & Pacheco, J. M. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.10.030 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationNavigating the landscape of multiplayer games
Omidshafiei, S., Tuyls, K., Czarnecki, W. M., Santos, F. C., Rowland, M., Connor, J., Hennes, D., Muller, P., Pérolat, J., Vylder, B. D., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19244-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanistic constraints and the unlikely evolution of reciprocal cooperation
André, J. (2014) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/jeb.12351 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Co-evolutionary Dynamics of Collective Action with Signaling for a Quorum
Pacheco, J. M., de Vasconcelos, V. V. L., Santos, F. C., & Skyrms, B. (2015) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004101 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationThe costs and benefits of resource sharing: reciprocity requires resource heterogeneity
Whitlock, M. C., DAVIS, B. H., & Yeaman, S. (2007) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01387.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Honesty through repeated interactions
Rich, P., & Zollman, K. (2016) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.02.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evolutionary stagnation of reciprocators
Kurokawa, S. (2016) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.09.014 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kurokawa, S., Wakano, J. Y., & 井原, 泰. (2018) · Games · doi:10.3390/g9040100 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Skyrms B. 2010 Signals: evolution, learning, and information. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Wilson EO. 1975 Sociobiology: the new synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
- Maynard Smith J, Szathmary E. 1995 The major transitions in evolution. Oxford, UK: Freeman.
- Maynard Smith J, Harper D. 2003 Animal signals. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Dunbar R. 1998 Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Hauser M, McAuliffe K, Blake PR. 2009 Evolving the ingredients for reciprocity and spite. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 3255-3266. (doi:10.1098/rstb. 2009.0116) · DOI
- Whitlock M, Davis B, Yeaman S. 2007 The costs and benefits of resource sharing: reciprocity requires resource heterogeneity. J. Evol. Biol. 20, 1772-1782. (doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01387.x) · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Conditional investment strategy in evolutionary trust games with repeated group interactions
Liu, L., & Chen, X. (2022) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2022.07.073 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
- Authors
- Martinez-Vaquero, L. A., Santos, F. C., & Trianni, V.
- Affiliations
- National Research Council (IT)
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento (PT)
- Venue
- Journal of The Royal Society Interface
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 172
- Pages
- 20200635
- ISSN
- 1742-5662 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-5689
- PMC
- PMC7729056
- OpenAlex
- W3095652294
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of The Royal Society Interface (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (Alain Bensoussan Fellowship)
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (PTDC/EEI-SII/5081/2014, PTDC/MAT/STA/3358/2014, UIDB/50021/2020)
- H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies (952215)
- FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions (631297)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Game Theory and Applications
- Keywords
- evolution of cooperation, direct reciprocity, signaling, costly signaling, error resilience, collective action, evolutionary game theory
- MeSH terms
- Cooperative Behavior, Biological Evolution, Game Theory, Memory, Models, Theoretical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review