Cooperation between non-kin in animal societies
Abstract
Explanations of cooperation between non-kin in animal societies often suggest that individuals exchange resources or services and that cooperation is maintained by reciprocity. But do cooperative interactions between unrelated individuals in non-human animals really resemble exchanges or are they a consequence of simpler mechanisms? Firm evidence of reciprocity in animal societies is rare and many examples of cooperation between non-kin probably represent cases of intra-specific mutualism or manipulation.
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The study's results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that food sharing between non-kin is caused by manipulation, particularly harassment via persistent begging, in which only recipients gain benefits.
“Our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that food sharing between non-kin is caused by manipulation, particularly through harassment via persistent begging [47,55], whereby only recipients gain benefits [6,71].”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Clutton-Brock, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Clutton-Brock, Tim
- ORCID
- Clutton-Brock, Tim
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 462
- Issue
- 7269
- Pages
- 51-57
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1972176362
- Cited by
- 951
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 94 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 22.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council (NE/C511348/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- reciprocal altruism, reciprocity, prisoner's dilemma, resource sharing, mutualism, manipulation, animal societies, social evolution, non-human animals
- MeSH terms
- Altruism, Animals, Cooperative Behavior, Models, Biological, Predatory Behavior, Behavior Control, Genetic Fitness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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