Experimentally induced social threat increases paranoid thinking
Open accessAbstract
The ability to attribute intentions to others is a hallmark of human social cognition but is altered in paranoia. Paranoia is the most common positive symptom of psychosis but is also present to varying degrees in the general population. Epidemiological models suggest that psychosis risk is associated with low social rank and minority status, but the causal effects of status and group affiliation on paranoid thinking remain unclear. We examined whether relative social status and perceived group affiliation, respectively, affect live paranoid thinking using two large- N ( N = 2030), pre-registered experiments. Interacting with someone from a higher social rank or a political out-group led to an increase in paranoid attributions of harmful intent for ambiguous actions. Pre-existing paranoia predicted a general increase in harmful intent attribution, but there was no interaction with either type of social threat: highly paranoid people showed the same magnitude of increase as non-paranoid people, although from a higher baseline. We conclude social threat in the form of low social status and out-group status affects paranoid attributions, but ongoing paranoia represents a lowered threshold for detecting social threat rather than an impaired reactivity to it.
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Virtual interaction with strangers supposedly of higher social status and holding opposite political views provoked paranoid tendencies in healthy participants to attribute aggressive intentions to others.
“Виртуальное взаимодействие с незнакомцами, якобы имеющими более высокий социальный статус и придерживающимися противоположных политических взглядов (экспериментальная модель ситуации социальной угрозы), провоцировало у здоровых участников параноидные тенденции предписывать другим людям агрессивные намерения (Saalfeld et al., 2018).”
From Когнитивные механизмы дисфункционального принятия решений при психических расстройствах (2025) · cites this paper as Saalfeld et al., 2018
The Results (Harmful intent attribution) and Discussion report stronger attributions of harmful intent toward higher-status and political out-group partners in separate Dictator Game tasks. The Methods (Procedure) say participants were told a partner had a different political affiliation, not necessarily opposite political views; the copy also does not establish that participants were screened as healthy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Saalfeld, V., Ramadan, Z., Bell, V., & Raihani, N. J.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Raihani, Nichola J.
- Venue
- Royal Society Open Science
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2018-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 180569
- ISSN
- 2054-5703 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6124070
- OpenAlex
- W2785061076
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 5.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Royal Society Open Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (Seed Award to VB)
- Royal Society (URF to NR)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- paranoia, paranoid thinking, social danger, social status, group membership, outgroup, intention attribution, psychosis, social cognition, minority status
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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