Interpretation Biases in Paranoia
Open accessAbstract
Information in the environment is frequently ambiguous in meaning. Emotional ambiguity, such as the stare of a stranger, or the scream of a child, encompasses possible good or bad emotional consequences. Those with elevated vulnerability to affective disorders tend to interpret such material more negatively than those without, a phenomenon known as "negative interpretation bias." In this study we examined the relationship between vulnerability to psychosis, measured by trait paranoia, and interpretation bias. One set of material permitted broadly positive/negative (valenced) interpretations, while another allowed more or less paranoid interpretations, allowing us to also investigate the content specificity of interpretation biases associated with paranoia. Regression analyses (n=70) revealed that trait paranoia, trait anxiety, and cognitive inflexibility predicted paranoid interpretation bias, whereas trait anxiety and cognitive inflexibility predicted negative interpretation bias. In a group comparison those with high levels of trait paranoia were negatively biased in their interpretations of ambiguous information relative to those with low trait paranoia, and this effect was most pronounced for material directly related to paranoid concerns. Together these data suggest that a negative interpretation bias occurs in those with elevated vulnerability to paranoia, and that this bias may be strongest for material matching paranoid beliefs. We conclude that content-specific biases may be important in the cause and maintenance of paranoid symptoms.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Such interpretation bias results in overexposure to negative information, which leads to the confirmation of persecutory beliefs, and in turn reinforces the pathological state.
“Such interpretation bias results in overexposure to negative information, which leads to the confirmation of persecutory beliefs, and in turn reinforces the pathological state [3, 4].”
From A qualitative study of the acceptability of cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) in patients with psychosis (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
CBM-pa was developed based on previous empirical evidence of the presence of paranoia-relevant interpretation biases in people with clinical and subclinical paranoia as well as in those in the At Risk Mental State (ARMS).
“CBM-pa was developed based on previous empirical evidence of the presence of paranoia-relevant interpretation biases in people with clinical [3] and subclinical [4] paranoia as well as in those in the At Risk Mental State (ARMS) [15].”
From A qualitative study of the acceptability of cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) in patients with psychosis (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099 · see citing works
Ekman, P. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,345 · see citing works
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., & Dunbar, G. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)83296-8 · Cited by 3,513 · see citing works
Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.041 · Cited by 3,494 · see citing works
Marteau, T. M., & Bekker, H. (1992) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1992.tb00997.x · Cited by 3,238 · see citing works
Liebowitz, M. R. (2015) · Modern Trends in Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1159/000414022 · Cited by 2,266 · see citing works
A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis
GARETY, P. A., KUIPERS, E., FOWLER, D., FREEMAN, D., & BEBBINGTON, P. E. (2001) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291701003312 · Cited by 1,546 · see citing works
Self-citationWegner, D. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1992) · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
A New Measure of Cognitive Flexibility
Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623 · Cited by 1,170 · see citing works
Cognitive Approaches to Emotion and Emotional Disorders
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1994) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.45.020194.000325 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
A cognitive model of persecutory delusions
Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., & Bebbington, P. E. (2002) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466502760387461 · Cited by 888 · see citing works
Self-citationSuspicious minds: The psychology of persecutory delusions
Freeman, D. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.10.004 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive approaches to delusions: a critical review of theories and evidence.
Garety, P. A., & Freeman, D. (1999) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466599162700 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population
Freeman, D., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P. E., Smith, B., Rollinson, R., Fowler, D., Kuipers, E., Ray, K., & Dunn, G. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.5.427 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Self-citationPeters, E. R., Joseph, S. A., & Garety, P. A. (1999) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033401 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
A cognitive model of selective processing in anxiety
Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (1998) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018738019346 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Blanchette, I., & Richards, A. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903132496 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Induced emotional interpretation bias and anxiety.
Mathews, A., & Mackintosh, B. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.602 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Emotion recognition via facial expression and affective prosody in schizophrenia
Edwards, J., Jackson, H. J., & Pattison, P. E. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00130-7 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Paranoia and self-consciousness.
Fenigstein, A., & Vanable, P. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.129 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Reasoning in Deluded Schizophrenic and Paranoid Patients
Garety, P. A., HEMSLEY, D. R., & Wessely, S. C. (1991) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199104000-00003 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Probabilistic judgements in deluded and non-deluded subjects
Huq, S. F., Garety, P. A., & Hemsley, D. R. (1988) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/14640748808402300 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Bias in interpretation of ambiguous sentences related to threat in anxiety
Eysenck, M. W., Mogg, K., May, J., Richards, A., & Mathews, A. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.2.144 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Emotion recognition, ‘theory of mind,’ and social behavior in schizophrenia
Brüne, M. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.10.007 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Paranoia and self-consciousness.
Fenigstein, A., & Vanable, P. A. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.1.129 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.705 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Cognitive Therapy for Delusions, Voices and Paranoia
Chadwick, P., Birchwood, M. J., & Trower, P. (1996) · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Green, C. E. L., Freeman, D., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. A. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001638 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Positive Interpretation Training: Effects of Mental Imagery Versus Verbal Training on Positive Mood
Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.002 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis: Theory and Practice
Fowler, D., Garety, P. A., & Kuipers, L. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Comments on the content of persecutory delusions: Does the definition need clarification?
Freeman, D. H., & Garety, P. A. (2000) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466500163400 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Therapy for Delusions, Voices and Paranoia
Wetzler, S. E. (1997) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1997.51.2.301 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Virtual reality study of paranoid thinking in the general population
Freeman, D. H., Pugh, K., Antley, A., Slater, M., Bebbington, P., Gittins, M., Dunn, G., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., & Garety, P. A. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.044677 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationBell, V., Halligan, P. W., & Ellis, H. D. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj014 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Impaired positive inferential bias in social phobia.
Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.4.705 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Impaired positive inferential bias in social phobia
Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.4.705 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
The causal role of interpretive bias in anxiety reactivity
Wilson, E. J., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Rutherford, E. M. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.103 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Salemink, E., van den Hout, M., & Kindt, M. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.04.004 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Watkins, E., Baeyens, C., & Read, R. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013642 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
A catastrophizing assessment of worrisome thoughts
Vasey, M. W., & Borkovec, T. D. (1992) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01175138 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Facilitating a benign interpretation bias in a high socially anxious population
Murphy, R., Hirsch, C. R., Mathews, A., Smith, K., & Clark, D. M. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.01.007 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
A generalized bias against disconfirmatory evidence in schizophrenia
Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.016 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Detecting and defusing cognitive traps: metacognitive intervention in schizophrenia
Moritz, S., Vitzthum, F., Randjbar, S., Veckenstedt, R., & Woodward, T. S. (2010) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32833d16a8 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: Evidence for a model of paranoid ideation.
Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R. P. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.105.1.106 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Deeley, Q., Daly, E., Surguladze, S., Tunstall, N., Mezey, G., Beer, D., Ambikapathy, A., Robertson, D., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., et al. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021410 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Inducing a benign interpretational bias reduces trait anxiety
Mathews, A., Ridgeway, V., Cook, E., & Yiend, J. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.10.011 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpretative inferences when reading about emotional events
Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (1997) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)80006-x · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The effects of modifying interpretation bias on worry in generalized anxiety disorder
Hayes, S., Hirsch, C. R., Krebs, G., & Mathews, A. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.10.006 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Interpretation revealed in the blink of an eye: Depressive bias in the resolution of ambiguity.
Lawson, C., MacLeod, C., & Hammond, G. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.111.2.321 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Interpretation revealed in the blink of an eye: depressive bias in the resolution of ambiguity
Lawson, C., MacLeod, C., & Hammond, G. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.321 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
A Randomized Experimental Investigation of Reasoning Training for People With Delusions
Ross, K., Freeman, D., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. (2009) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn165 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationWoodward, T. S., Buchy, L., Moritz, S., & Mario Liotti, A. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm013 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Paranoia and social reasoning: An attribution theory analysis
Bentall, R. P., Kaney, S., & Dewey, M. E. (1991) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00915.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The Psychology of Persecutory Ideation II
Freeman, D. H., Garety, P. A., Bebbington, P., Slater, M., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Green, C., Jordan, J., Ray, K., & Dunn, G. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000161686.53245.70 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationMackintosh, B., Mathews, A., Yiend, J., Ridgeway, V., & Cook, E. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.001 · Cited by 143 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2011; 2013; 2014), which can survive changes in context (Mackintosh et al., 2006; Salemink & van den Hout, 2010) and persist for up to 24 hours (Yiend et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationIndividual Differences in the Modulation of Fear-Related Brain Activation by Attentional Control
Mathews, A., Yiend, J., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947810 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationEnduring consequences of experimentally induced biases in interpretation
Yiend, J., Mackintosh, B., & Mathews, A. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.007 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationNegative Cognitive Biases Predict Subsequent Depression
Rude, S. S., Valdez, C. R., Odom, S., & Ebrahimi, A. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1025472413805 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Visual scanpaths to threat-related faces in deluded schizophrenia
Green, M. J., Williams, L. M., & Davidson, D. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00129-x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: Evidence for a model of paranoid ideation.
Kinderman, P., & Bentall, R. P. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.1.106 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Lincoln, T., Hohenhaus, F., & Hartmann, M. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9470-7 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Cognition, Emotion and Psychopathology
Yiend, J. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511521263 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bentall, R. P., & Kaney, S. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700035959 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The mental control of depression: Psychological obstacles to emotional well-being.
Wenzlaff, R. M. (1993) · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Freeman, D. H., Dunn, G., Garety, P. A., Weinman, J. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D. G., Jolley, S., & Bebbington, P. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001225 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationParanoia and emotion perception across the continuum
Combs, D. R., Michael, C. O., & Penn, D. L. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x29099 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Yiend, J., Lee, J.-S., Tekes, S., Atkins, L., Mathews, A., Vrinten, M., Ferragamo, C., & Shergill, S. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9571-y · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion regulation in psychopathy
Casey, H., Rogers, R. D., Burns, T., & Yiend, J. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.06.011 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationLow intensity cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis: a pilot study.
Waller, H., Garety, P., Jolley, S., Fornells-Ambrojo, M., Kuipers, E., Onwumere, J., Woodall, A., Emsley, R., & Craig, T. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.013 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Biased interpretation in perfectionism and its modification
Yiend, J., Savulich, G., Coughtrey, A., & Shafran, R. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.10.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationModifying cognitive errors promotes cognitive well being: a new approach to bias modification.
Lester, K., Mathews, A., Davison, P., Burgess, J., & Yiend, J. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.01.001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationSavulich, G., Shergill, S., & Yiend, J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.016711 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationSteel, C., Wykes, T., Ruddle, A., Smith, G., Shah, D. M., & Holmes, E. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.042 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Perception of emotion among schizophrenic patients
Morrison, R. L., Bellack, A. S., & Bashore, T. R. (1988) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00960625 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jolley, S., Onwumere, J., Kuipers, E., Craig, T., Moriarty, A., & Garety, P. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Effects of modifying the interpretation of emotional ambiguity
Mathews, A. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.584527 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Turner, R., Hoppitt, L., Hodgekins, J., Wilkinson, J., Mackintosh, B., & Fowler, D. G. (2011) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465810000706 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The experimental modification of processing biases
Yiend, J., & Mackintosh, B. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511521263.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying the Components of Facial Emotion and Schizophrenia
Mandal, M. K., & Palchoudhury, S. (2010) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000284610 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Negative Self-Beliefs in Eating Disorders: A Cognitive-Bias-Modification Study
Yiend, J., Parnes, C., Shepherd, K., Roche, M.-K., & Cooper, M. J. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614528163 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationPersecutory Delusions: Assessment, Theory, and Treatment
Lysaker, P. H. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181be6f99 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Using signal detection theory to test the impact of negative emotion on sub-clinical paranoia
Westermann, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.10.007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Huang, C. L.-C., Hsiao, S., Hwu, H., & Howng, S. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.03.026 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An investigation of the implicit control of the processing of negative pictures.
Yiend, J., Mathews, A., Weston, B., Dunn, B. D., Cusack, R., & Mackintosh, B. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014146 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationProvencio, M., Vázquez, C., Valiente, C., & Hervás, G. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9388-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Trait paranoia shapes inter-subject synchrony in brain activity during an ambiguous social narrative
Finn, E. S., Corlett, P. R., Chen, G., Bandettini, P. A., & Constable, R. T. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04387-2 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Interpretation Bias in Paranoia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Trotta, A., Kang, J., Stahl, D. R., & Yiend, J. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620951552 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relationship between paranoia and aggression in psychosis: A systematic review
Darrell-Berry, H., Berry, K., & Bucci, S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.02.009 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Experimentally induced social threat increases paranoid thinking
Saalfeld, V., Ramadan, Z., Bell, V., & Raihani, N. J. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.180569 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The experience and impact of stigma in Saudi people with a mood disorder
AlAteeq, D. A., AlDaoud, A., AlHadi, A. N., Alkhalaf, H. H., & Milev, R. V. (2018) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0221-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Würtz, F., Zahler, L., Blackwell, S. E., Margraf, J., Bagheri, M., & Woud, M. L. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102133 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pot-Kolder, R., Veling, W., Counotte, J., & van der Gaag, M. (2017) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx119 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Familial Retinal Arteriolar Tortuosity with Acute Hippocampal Infarction
Kim, T. H., Lee, S., & Lim, S. J. (2017) · Case Reports in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1159/000456069 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Paranoia and conspiracy: group cohesion increases harmful intent attribution in the Trust Game
Greenburgh, A., Bell, V., & Raihani, N. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.7403 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Pathways to paranoia: Analytic thinking and belief flexibility
Bronstein, M. V., Everaert, J., Castro, A. A., Joormann, J., & Cannon, T. D. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.12.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Yiend, J., Lam, C. L. M., Schmidt, N. B., Crane, B., Heslin, M., Kabir, T., McGuire, P. K., Meek, C., Mouchlianitis, E. D., PETERS, E. R., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001520 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationInterpretation Biases in Clinical Paranoia
Savulich, G., Shergill, S. S., & Yiend, J. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617718180 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive Bias Modification for paranoia (CBM-pa): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Yiend, J., Trotta, A., Meek, C., Dzafic, I., Baldus, N., Crane, B., Kabir, T., Stahl, D., Heslin, M., Shergill, S., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2037-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationLeung, C. J., Fosuaah, A., Frerichs, J., Heslin, M., Kabir, T., Lee, T. M. C., McGuire, P., Meek, C., Mouchlianitis, E., Nath, A. S., et al. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2215-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMoral Emotions and Social Economic Games in Paranoia
Savulich, G., Jeanes, H., Rossides, N., Kaur, S., Zacharia, A., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00615 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, J., Xue, W., Zhao, J.-F., & Tan, L.-W. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03435-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A new cognitive bias modification technique to influence risk factors for eating disorders
Matheson, E. L., Wade, T. D., & Yiend, J. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22938 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEmpathy, Emotion Recognition, and Paranoia in the General Population
Beals, K., Sperry, S. H., & Sheffield, J. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804178 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Biased cognition in East Asian and Western cultures
Yiend, J., André, J., Smith, L., Chen, L. H., Toulopoulou, T., Chen, E. Y. H., Sham, P. C., & Parkinson, B. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223358 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationNegative Interpretation Biases Precede the Onset of Psychosis
Yiend, J., Allen, P., Lopez, N. D., Falkenberg, I., Tseng, H.-H., & McGuire, P. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.11.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationHsu, C.-W., Stahl, D. R., Mouchlianitis, E. D., PETERS, E. R., Vamvakas, G., Keppens, J., Watson, M., Schmidt, N. B., Jacobsen, P. C., McGuire, P. K., et al. (2023) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/45453 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationBilingual comparison of Mandarin and English cognitive bias tasks
Smith, L., Leung, W. G., Crane, B., Parkinson, B., Toulopoulou, T., & Yiend, J. (2017) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0871-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Our Gaze Reacts to Another Person’s Tears? Experimental Insights Into Eye Tracking Technology
Picó, A., Espert, R., & Gadea, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02134 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hurley, J., Hodgekins, J., Coker, S., & Fowler, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.05.003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Weiss, E. M., Rominger, C., Fink, A., Weber, H., & Papousek, I. (2019) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2019.04.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Factor Structure and Content Specificity of the Interpretation Bias Task (IBT)
Chan, F. H. F., Takano, K., Lau, J. Y. F., & Barry, T. J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10138-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Yiend, J., Taher, R., Fialho, C., Hampshire, C., Hsu, C.-W., Kabir, T., Keppens, J., McGuire, P. K., Mouchlianitis, E. D., PETERS, E. R., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08570-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationBiased interpretation in paranoia and its modification.
Savulich, G., Edwards, A. R., Assadi, S., Guven, H., Leathers-Smith, E., Shergill, S., & Yiend, J. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101575 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationFan, L., Carrico, S., Zhu, Y., Ackerman, R. A., & Pinkham, A. E. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.01.011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ridge, J. W., Hill, A. D., Ingram, A., Kolomeitsev, S., & Worrell, D. L. (2024) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2021.1432 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Wei, S., Freeman, D. H., Harris, V., & Rovira, A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67534-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationLam, C. L. M., Mouchlianitis, E. D., Lee, T. M. C., & Yiend, J. (2020) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1802435 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimentally-Induced Social Threat Increases Paranoid ThinkingPreprint
Saalfeld, V., Ramadan, Z., Bell, V., & Raihani, N. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jxkv3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tetzlaff, M., Bruins, J., & Castelein, S. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102656 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hicks, S. (2019) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x19000126 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A population-based cross-sectional study of cognitive deficits in paranoia
Ibáñez-Casas, I., Maura, C. D. A. C. C., Gutiérrez, B., & Cervilla, J. A. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113820 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hook, R. W., Isobe, M., Savulich, G., Grant, J. E., Ioannidis, K., Christmas, D. M., Sahakian, B. J., Robbins, T. W., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.03.006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationParanoia and conspiracy: group cohesion increases harmful intent attribution in the Trust GamePreprint
Greenburgh, A., Bell, V., & Raihani, N. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mgzjr · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, J., & Liu, S. (2023) · Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.2174/0122106766264988231024052215 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Changes of intuition in paranoid personality disorder
Jacobs, K. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1307629 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Interpretation Biases in Anxiety – A Three-Level Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Würtz, F., Kunna, M., Lindgraf, C., Abado, E., Amanvermez, Y., Blackwell, S. E., Margraf, J., Everaert, J., & Woud, M. L. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7zkvr · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hsu, C.-W., & Akuhata-Huntington, Z. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3257949/v1
Lim, C. Y. E., & Mankiewicz, P. D. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2023-0034
Eid, L., Kenny, A., Taher, R., Jacobsen, P. C., Hsu, C.-W., & Yiend, J. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/70181 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationHsu, C.-W., Robbins, A., & Cartwright, T. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7530420/v1
Attentional bias in paranoia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Eid, L., Hampshire, C., Vamvakas, G., Jacobsen, P. C., Stahl, D. R., & Yiend, J. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2026.10993
Self-citationWidyasari, D. C., Kingston, J., Schlier, B., Clark, T., & Bentall, R. (2026) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045261494383
- Authors
- Savulich, G., Freeman, D., Shergill, S., & Yiend, J.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Savulich, George
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-01
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 110-124
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2059221869
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Apollo
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-2014-05-003)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- paranoia, interpretation bias, negative interpretation bias, trait anxiety, cognitive inflexibility, psychosis vulnerability, content specificity, emotional ambiguity, paranoid ideation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Cognition Disorders, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Paranoid Disorders, Psychomotor Performance, Psychotic Disorders, Social Perception, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
