Synapsins as Regulators of Neurotransmitter Release
Open accessAbstract
One of the crucial issues in understanding neuronal transmission is to define the role(s) of the numerous proteins that are localized within presynaptic terminals and are thought to participate in the regulation of the synaptic vesicle life cycle. Synapsins are a multigene family of neuron-specific phosphoproteins and are the most abundant proteins on synaptic vesicles. Synapsins are able to interact in vitro with lipid and protein components of synaptic vesicles and with various cytoskeletal proteins, including actin. These and other studies have led to a model in which synapsins, by tethering synaptic vesicles to each other and to an actin-based cytoskeletal meshwork, maintain a reserve pool of vesicles in the vicinity of the active zone. Perturbation of synapsin function in a variety of preparations led to a selective disruption of this reserve pool and to an increase in synaptic depression, suggesting that the synapsin-dependent cluster of vesicles is required to sustain release of neurotransmitter in response to high levels of neuronal activity. In a recent study performed at the squid giant synapse, perturbation of synapsin function resulted in a selective disruption of the reserve pool of vesicles and in addition, led to an inhibition and slowing of the kinetics of neurotransmitter release, indicating a second role for synapsins downstream from vesicle docking. These data suggest that synapsins are involved in two distinct reactions which are crucial for exocytosis in presynaptic nerve terminals. This review describes our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which synapsins modulate synaptic transmission, while the increasingly well-documented role of the synapsins in synapse formation and stabilization lies beyond the scope of this review.
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Garcia, C. C., Blair, H. J., Seager, M., Coulthard, A., Tennant, S., Buddles, M., Curtis, A., & Goodship, J. A. (2004) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2003.013680 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Chow, H.-M., Shi, M., Cheng, A., Gao, Y., Chen, G., Song, X., So, R. W. L., Zhang, J., & Herrup, K. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0505-1 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Role for Reelin in neurotransmitter release
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Is Wild Marine Biota Affected by Microplastics?
Porcino, N., Bottari, T., & Mancuso, M. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13010147 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“The high concentrations of LPO in the brain could induce the break of acetylcholine-containing vesicles, resulting in increased neurotransmitters being released in the synaptic cleft [65].”
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A delayed response enhancement during hippocampal presynaptic plasticity in mice
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Self-citationWeng, W., Chen, Y., Wang, M., Zhuang, Y., & Behnisch, T. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2016.00247 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hilfiker, S., Pieribone, V. A., Czernik, A. J., Kao, H.-T., Augustine, G. J., & Greengard, P.
- Affiliations
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Greengard, Paul
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 1999-02-28
- Volume
- 354
- Issue
- 1381
- Pages
- 269-279
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC1692497
- OpenAlex
- W2022740810
- Cited by
- 537
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Keywords
- synapsin, neurotransmitter release, synaptic vesicles, reserve pool, synaptic vesicle tethering, actin cytoskeleton, exocytosis, synaptic transmission, synaptic depression, squid giant synapse, presynaptic terminals, vesicle docking
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Lipids, Microscopy, Electron, Models, Neurological, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Neuronal Plasticity, Phosphorylation, Synapses, Gene Expression, Synapsins, Neurotransmitter Agents, In Vitro Techniques
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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