The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does the perception of moving eyes trigger reflexive visual orienting in autism?
Open accessAbstract
Does movement of the eyes in one or another direction function as an automatic attentional cue to a location of interest? Two experiments explored the directional movement of the eyes in a full face for speed of detection of an aftercoming location target in young people with autism and in control participants. Our aim was to investigate whether a low-level perceptual impairment underlies the delay in gaze following characteristic of autism. The participants' task was to detect a target appearing on the left or right of the screen either 100 ms or 800 ms after a face cue appeared with eyes averting to the left or right. Despite instructions to ignore eye-movement in the face cue, people with autism and control adolescents were quicker to detect targets that had been preceded by an eye movement cue congruent with target location compared with targets preceded by an incongruent eye movement cue. The attention shifts are thought to be reflexive because the cue was to be ignored, and because the effect was found even when cue-target duration was short (100 ms). Because (experiment two) the effect persisted even when the face was inverted, it would seem that the direction of movement of eyes can provide a powerful (involuntary) cue to a location.
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“The effects were also apparent when the face was presented upside down.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Swettenham et al. (2003)
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“Both their control and their ASD groups were unable to resist following the cue given by the eyes of a face to a subsequently presented target, even though the cue was invalid 50% of the time.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Swettenham et al. (2003)
In the citing paper
“Swettenham, Condie, Campbell, Milne, and Coleman (2003) demonstrated that reflexive orienting is intact in older children with ASD (mean age 10 years).”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Swettenham et al. (2003)
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Cites
Posner, M. I. (1980) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335558008248231 · Cited by 9,670 · cited 2×
“Exogenous orienting refers to a reflexive system driven by the physical characteristics of the information in the visual field (Posner 1980) and is characteristic of attention in the early months of normal development (Atkinson et al. 1992).”
BackgroundLord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-2412 · Cited by 3,670
Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4635.001.0001 · Cited by 3,428
The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze
Emery, N. J. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00025-7 · Cited by 2,037
Tomasello, M., Kruger, A. C., & Ratner, H. H. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0003123x · Cited by 1,891
Gaze Perception Triggers Reflexive Visuospatial Orienting
Driver, J., Davis, G. J., Ricciardelli, P., Kidd, P., Maxwell, E., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (1999) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/135062899394920 · Cited by 1,740
Gaze and eye contact: a research review
Kleinke, C. L. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.1.78 · Cited by 1,455
Eye contact detection in humans from birth
Farroni, T., Csibra, G., Simion, F., & Johnson, M. H. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.152159999 · Cited by 1,442
The eyes have it! Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze
Friesen, C. K., & Kingstone, A. (1998) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03208827 · Cited by 1,386
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- American Psychiatric Association 1994 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th Edition (DSM-IV). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- Burack J. A. Enns J. T. Stauder J. E. A. Mottron L. & Randolph B. 1997 Attention and autism: behavioural and electrophysiological evidence. In Handbook of autism and developmental disorders 2nd edn (ed. D. J. Cohen & F. R. Volkmar) pp. 226-247. New York: Wiley.
- Frith U. 1989 Autism: explaining the enigma. Oxford UK: Blackwell Science.
- Jonides J. 1981 Voluntary versus automatic control over mind's eye movement. In Attention and performance vol. 9 (ed. J. Long & A. Baddely) pp. 187-203. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gaze cueing of attention: visual attention, social cognition, and individual differences
Frischen, A., Bayliss, A. P., & Tipper, S. P. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.694 · Cited by 1,473
Autism and the pervasive developmental disorders
Volkmar, F. R., & Klin, A. (2012) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0214 · Cited by 931
Vision in autism spectrum disorders
Simmons, D. R., Robertson, A. E., McKay, L. S., Toal, E., McAleer, P., & Pollick, F. E. (2009) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.08.005 · Cited by 827
Autism and pervasive developmental disorders
Volkmar, F. R., Lord, C., Bailey, A., Schultz, R. T., & Klin, A. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00317.x · Cited by 616
Psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain
Crespi, B. J., & Badcock, C. R. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x08004214 · Cited by 635
Metadata
- Authors
- Swettenham, J., Condie, S., Campbell, R., Milne, E., & Coleman, M.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Swettenham, John
- Venue
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2003-02-28
- Volume
- 358
- Issue
- 1430
- Pages
- 325-334
- ISSN
- 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-2970
- PMC
- PMC1693118
- OpenAlex
- W2153684761
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 2.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gaze following, visual orienting, reflexive attention, attentional cueing, face perception, face inversion, perceptual impairment
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Autistic Disorder, Child, Eye Movements, Face, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Orientation, Reflex, Visual Perception
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