Automatic Attention Cueing Through Eye Movement in 2-Year-Old Children With Autism
Abstract
Automatic attention cueing by perceived changes in gaze direction was studied in 2-year-old children with autism and typically developing (TD) controls using a visual attention cueing paradigm. In Experiments 1 and 2 the cue consisted of an eye movement (Eyes) and a nonbiological movement (SimEyes), respectively. The results suggest that visual attention in children with autism and their TD counterparts is cued by perceived eye movement. Thus, although in naturalistic situations toddlers with autism do not follow the gaze of others, they are sensitive to directional cues inherent in eye movement. Cue-specific differences in performance related to the level of engagement and cue-processing time may suggest reliance on different underlying strategies for gaze processing in autism.
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Toddlers with ASD are less distracted by the presence of a face in a gaze cuing task.
“In the hypothesis of reduced depth of processing for face stimuli, toddlers with ASD show more rapid disengagement from a face than an object stimulus [24], are less distracted by the presence of a face in a gaze cuing task [26], and show slowed face learning [22].”
Chawarska et al. (2003) found a similar effect to Swettenham et al. (2003) in very young children (2 years) with autism diagnoses.
“Chawarska, Klin, and Volkmar (2003) found a similar effect in very young children (2 years) with autism diagnoses.”
From Vision in autism spectrum disorders (2009) · cites this paper as Chawarska et al. (2003)
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Self-citationZwaigenbaum, L., Thurm, A., Stone, W., Baranek, G., Bryson, S., Iverson, J., Kau, A., Klin, A., Lord, C., Landa, R., et al. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0179-x · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid detection of person information in a naturalistic scene
Fletcher-Watson, S., Findlay, J. M., Leekam, S. R., & Benson, V. (2008) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p5705 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
The development of face orienting mechanisms in infants at-risk for autism
Elsabbagh, M., Gliga, T., Pickles, A., Hudry, K., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.030 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
the BASIS team, Bedford, R., Elsabbagh, M., Gliga, T., Pickles, A., Senju, A., Charman, T., & Johnson, M. H. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1450-y · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Eyes are special but not for everyone: the case of autism
Ristic, J., Mottron, L., Friesen, C. K., Iarocci, G., Burack, J. A., & Kingstone, A. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.02.007 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Analysis of face gaze in autism using “bubbles”
Spezio, M. L., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R. S. E., & Piven, J. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.04.027 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Neural correlates of eye gaze processing in the infant broader autism phenotype
Elsabbagh, M., Volein, A., Csibra, G., Holmboe, K., Garwood, H., Tucker, L., Krljes, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Bolton, P., Charman, T., et al. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.034 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Limited Attentional Bias for Faces in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Katarzyna, C., Fred, V., & Ami, K. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.194 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Jones, E. J. H., Venema, K., Earl, R., Lowy, R., Barnes, K., Estes, A., Dawson, G., & Webb, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-016-9139-8 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“In the hypothesis of reduced depth of processing for face stimuli, toddlers with ASD show more rapid disengagement from a face than an object stimulus [24], are less distracted by the presence of a face in a gaze cuing task [26], and show slowed face learning [22].”
BackgroundSenju, A., Hasegawa, T., & Tojo, Y. (2005) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280444000797 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
CAMPBELL, R., LAWRENCE, K., MANDY, W., MITRA, C., JEYAKUMA, L., & SKUSE, D. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060068 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
de JONG, M. C., van ENGELAND, H., & KEMNER, C. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31816429a6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chawarska, K., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-07-01
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1108-1122
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2051872279
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gaze following, visual attention, toddlers, gaze direction, social attention, cue processing, typically developing children
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Autistic Disorder, Automatism, Child, Preschool, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Reaction Time, Saccades, Visual Perception
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