Cited by 144Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsEarth Systems and Cosmic EvolutionOrigins and Evolution of Life

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Electrons, life and the evolution of Earth's oxygen cycle

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Falkowski, Paul G, Godfrey, Linda V·2008·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

DOI 10.1098/rstb.2008.0054PMC PMC2606772

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Abstract

The biogeochemical cycles of H, C, N, O and S are coupled via biologically catalysed electron transfer (redox) reactions. The metabolic processes responsible for maintaining these cycles evolved over the first ca 2.3 Ga of Earth's history in prokaryotes and, through a sequence of events, led to the production of oxygen via the photobiologically catalysed oxidation of water. However, geochemical evidence suggests that there was a delay of several hundred million years before oxygen accumulated in Earth's atmosphere related to changes in the burial efficiency of organic matter and fundamental alterations in the nitrogen cycle. In the latter case, the presence of free molecular oxygen allowed ammonium to be oxidized to nitrate and subsequently denitrified. The interaction between the oxygen and nitrogen cycles in particular led to a negative feedback, in which increased production of oxygen led to decreased fixed inorganic nitrogen in the oceans. This feedback, which is supported by isotopic analyses of fixed nitrogen in sedimentary rocks from the Late Archaean, continues to the present. However, once sufficient oxygen accumulated in Earth's atmosphere to allow nitrification to out-compete denitrification, a new stable electron 'market' emerged in which oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration ultimately spread via endosymbiotic events and massive lateral gene transfer to eukaryotic host cells, allowing the evolution of complex (i.e. animal) life forms. The resulting network of electron transfers led a gas composition of Earth's atmosphere that is far from thermodynamic equilibrium (i.e. it is an emergent property), yet is relatively stable on geological time scales. The early coevolution of the C, N and O cycles, and the resulting non-equilibrium gaseous by-products can be used as a guide to search for the presence of life on terrestrial planets outside of our Solar System.

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The Microbial Engines That Drive Earth's Biogeochemical Cycles
Falkowski, P. G., Fenchel, T., & Delong, E. F. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1153213 · Cited by 3,379
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See all 144

Authors: Falkowski, P. G., & Godfrey, L. V.
Affiliations: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author: Falkowski, Paul G
ORCID: Falkowski, Paul G
Godfrey, Linda V
Venue: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Publisher: The Royal Society
Published: 2008-05-16
Volume: 363
Issue: 1504
Pages: 2705-2716
ISSN: 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
1471-2970
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0054
PMC: PMC2606772
OpenAlex: W2115585878
Cited by: 144
References: 115
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 2.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: royalsociety.org/journals/ethics-policies/data-sharing-mining/ (tdm)
Locations: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
Keywords: oxygen cycle, Great Oxidation Event, biogeochemical cycles, redox reactions, electron transfer, nitrogen cycling, denitrification, nitrification, ammonia oxidation, organic matter burial, oxygenic photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, endosymbiosis, horizontal gene transfer, eukaryotic evolution, atmospheric composition, biosignatures, exoplanet habitability
MeSH terms: Carbon, Electrons, Eukaryotic Cells, Biological Evolution, Microbiology, Models, Biological, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Photosynthesis, Earth, Planet, Feedback, Physiological

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Electrons, life and the evolution of Earth's oxygen cycle

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