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Emergence and rapid spread of a new severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage with multiple spike mutations in South Africa
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.1038/s41586-021-03402-9 · Paper page
Abstract
Summary: Continued uncontrolled transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in many parts of the world is creating the conditions for significant virus evolution. Here, we describe a new SARS-CoV-2 lineage (501Y.V2) characterised by eight lineage-defining mutations in the spike protein, including three at important residues in the receptor-binding domain (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may have functional significance. This lineage emerged in South Africa after the first epidemic wave in a severely affected metropolitan area, Nelson Mandela Bay, located on the coast of the Eastern Cape Province. This lineage spread rapidly, becoming within weeks the dominant lineage in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape Provinces. Whilst the full significance of the mutations is yet to be determined, the genomic data, showing the rapid displacement of other lineages, suggest that this lineage may be associated with increased transmissibility.
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“Additionally, K417N, Y453F, S477R, N501Y, and D614G represent circulating variants some of which have been associated with rapidly increasing case numbers14,15,19,33–35.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Recently, viral variants of concern have emerged in the UK (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351), and Brazil (P.1) that harbor specific mutations in their S proteins that may be associated with increased transmissibility (50–55).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“An A701V mutation in S2 is also observed at high frequencies, whereas deletions in residues 242 to 244 as well as R246I and L18F mutations in the NTD are present at lower frequencies (52).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“the B.1.351 lineage, which is defined by the D80A (amino acid substitution from aspartic acid to alanine at position 80) and D215G mutations in the NTD; the K417N, E484K, and N501Y mutations in the RBD; and the D614G mutation in S1 (52, 56).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“By contrast, the NTD region itself, which appears to tolerate antigenic variation in SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses (50, 52, 55, 85), does not appear to be the target of cross-nAbs elicited by infection or vaccination.”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“However, it should be noted that further mutations in spike protein observed in other novel lineages7, 8 appear to be driven by escape of the virus from the neutralising activity of public antibodies,40, 41 indicating that prevention of transmission might be temporary as the virus adapts to natural or vaccine-induced immunity.”
In the citing paper
“The B.1.351 variant is characterized by three deleterious mutations at key antigenic sites in the RBD, including N501Y, K417N, and E484K, with the latter two having particular functional impact.”
From Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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“…to naturally occurring mutations, similar to the N-terminal domain (NTD), where insertions and deletions have also been found (Greaney et al., 2021b; Kemp et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021; McCarthy et al., 2020; Starr et al., 2020; Tegally et al., 2020; Van Egeren et al., 2020; Voloch et al., 2020).”
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“It is characterized by eight mutations in the spike protein-coding sequences, including three in the receptor-binding domain (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may account for its increased transmissibility [8].”
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Kerr, L. R. F. S., Kendall, C., de Almeida, R. L. F., Ichihara, M. Y., Aquino, E. M. L., da Sílva, A. A. M., Ximenes, R. A. D. A., de Albuquerque, M. D. F. P. M., Filho, N. D. A., Souza, R., et al. (2021) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003728 · Cited by 65
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: A critical perspective through efficacy data and barriers to herd immunity
Blasi, F., Gramegna, A., Sotgiu, G., Saderi, L., Voza, A., Aliberti, S., & Amati, F. (2021) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106355 · Cited by 27
Identifying Primate ACE2 Variants That Confer Resistance to SARS-CoV-2
Bhattacharjee, M. J., Lin, J.-J., Chang, C.-Y., Chiou, Y.-T., Li, T., Tai, C.-W., Shiu, T.-F., Chen, C., Chou, C.-Y., Chakraborty, P., et al. (2021) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msab060 · Cited by 28
“…namely B.1.1.7 (United Kingdom), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Japan, a descendant of B.1.1.28), have received much attention because they appear to have a higher transmission rate and an increased viral burden due to mutations on the viral S-protein (Tegally et al. 2020; Sabino et al. 2021).”
InfluentialSARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Active Site Ligands in the Human Metabolome
Sardanelli, A. M., Isgrò, C., & Palese, L. L. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26051409 · Cited by 28
Nörz, D., Grunwald, M., Olearo, F., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.12.21251614 · Cited by 23
Fatihi, S., Rathore, S., Pathak, A. K., Gahlot, D., Mukerji, M., Jatana, N., & Thukral, L. (2021) · Current Research in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.crstbi.2021.11.002 · Cited by 20
“1 (Gamma) were seen emerging in patients from the UK, South Africa, and Brazil, respectively (Rambaut et al., 2020; Tegally et al., 2020; Resende et al., 2021), which are now classified as the VOCs.”
InfluentialEarly introductions and community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in the United States
Alpert, T., Brito, A., Lasek-Nesselquist, E., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.10.21251540 · Cited by 23
“…of the spike protein, which is predicted to increase binding to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors (Starr et al., 2020) and is also a defining feature of other variants of concern such as B.1.351 and P.1 (Faria et al., 2021; Lauring and Hodcroft, 2021; Tegally et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialPerez-Romero, C. A., Tonda, A. P., Mendoza‐Maldonado, L., Coz, E., Tabeling, P., Vanhomwegen, J., Claassen, E., Garssen, J., Kraneveld, A. D., & Lopez‐Rincon, A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.20.427043 · Cited by 18
Genomic surveillance, evolution and global transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during 2019–2022
Sharif, N., Alzahrani, K. J., Ahmed, S. N., Khan, A., Banjer, H. J., Alzahrani, F. M., Parvez, A. K., & Dey, S. K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271074 · Cited by 26
“As the number of genome sequencing and analysis have been increasing, the diversity of SARS-CoV-2 variants is getting exposed [25,27,28,31,36,37,51].”
BackgroundRapid test to assess the escape of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Heggestad, J. T., Britton, R. J., Kinnamon, D., Wall, S. A., Joh, D. Y., Hucknall, A., Olson, L. B., Anderson, J. G., Mazur, A., Wolfe, C. R., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abl7682 · Cited by 25
“Conversely, variant B.1.351 (Beta), which originated in South Africa ( 15 ), and variant P.1 (Gamma), which originated in Brazil ( 16 ) and Japan ( 17 ), each harbor three mutations within the RBD—K417N (B.1.351)/K417T (P.1), E484K, and N501Y.”
InfluentialCOVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance and Its Associated Factors among Cancer Patients in Tunisia
Khiari, H., Cherif, I., Mghirbi, F., Mézlini, A., & Hsaïri, M. (2021) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.11.3499 · Cited by 27
“As viruses mutes rapidly, several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have already been identified in South Africa (Tegally et al., 2020), in the United Kingdom (Kirby, 2021; Volz et al., 2021b) and in Brazil (Nonaka et al., 2021; Toovey et al., 2021) and have emerged across the globe (WHO,2020a).”
BackgroundInfluentialReinfections in COVID-19 Patients: Impact of Virus Genetic Variability and Host Immunity
Fakhroo, A. D., Al-Khatib, H. A., Thani, A. A. A., & Yassine, H. M. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9101168 · Cited by 21
“Both variants contained an N501Y mutation in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein, accounting for the increased transmission and infectiousness (40–70%) of the virus [1,2].”
BackgroundCarreño, J., Alshammary, H., Singh, G., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.07.21.21260961 · Cited by 22
Olsen, R. J., Christensen, P. A., Long, S. W., Subedi, S., Hodjat, P., Olson, R., Nguyen, M., Davis, J. J., Yerramilli, P., Saavedra, M. O., et al. (2021) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.07.002 · Cited by 30
“The R.1 variant was fi rst reported in Arizona in October 2020, and soon thereafter was identi fi ed in Canada and Japan ( https://outbreak.info/situation-reports?pango Z r.1 , last accessed May 17, 2021).”
Imai, N., Hogan, A. B., Williams, L. R., Cori, A., Mangal, T. D., Winskill, P., Whittles, L. K., Watson, O. J., Knock, E., Baguelin, M., et al. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16992.1 · Cited by 21
SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and targeted antiviral development
Chen, Z., Du, R., Achi, J. G., Rong, L., & Cui, Q. (2021) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.007 · Cited by 27
“However, the high plasticity of S1 makes it easy for the virus to escape immune pressure, and SARS-CoV-2 variants have already emerged, including an early D614G variant and the most recent SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 in the UK and B.1.351 in South Africa 8,120,121 .”
InfluentialSARS-CoV-2 vaccination with CoronaVac: seroconversion rate in healthcare workers after 40 days
Bochnia-Bueno, L., de Almeida, S. D., Raboni, S. M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.20.21255825 · Cited by 22
Watanabe, K., Watanabe, C., Honma, T., Tian, Y., Kawashima, Y., Kawashita, N., Takagi, T., & Fukuzawa, K. (2021) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00663 · Cited by 27
Sieve analysis to understand how SARS-CoV-2 diversity can impact vaccine protection
Rolland, M., & Gilbert, P. B. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009406 · Cited by 21
Comparative infectivity and pathogenesis of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants in Syrian hamsters
Abdelnabi, R., Boudewijns, R., Foo, C., Seldeslachts, L., Sanchez-Felipe, L., Zhang, X., Delang, L., Maes, P., Kaptein, S., Weynand, B., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.26.433062 · Cited by 22
Decomposing the sources of SARS-CoV-2 fitness variation in the United States
Kepler, L. M., Hamins-Puértolas, M., & Rasmussen, D. A. (2021) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/veab073 · Cited by 24
“In late 2020, several new variants of SARS-CoV-2 with increased transmissibility and potential antigenic escape mutations emerged, including lineage B.1.1.7 in the UK (Volz et al., 2021; Davies et al., 2021), B.1.351 in South Africa (Tegally et al., 2020) and P.1 in Brazil (Naveca et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialDudas, G., Hong, S. L., Potter, B., Calvignac-Spencer, S., Niatou-Singa, F. S., Tombolomako, T. B., Fuh-Neba, T., Vickos, U., Ulrich, M., Leendertz, F. H., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.04.21256637 · Cited by 76
“…82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 INTRODUCTION93 Over a year into the pandemic and with unprecedented reduction in human mobility worldwide, distinct94 SARS-CoV-2 lineages have arisen in multiple geographic areas around the world (Tegally et al., 2020;95 Hodcroft et al., 2021; Faria et al., 2021).”
BackgroundThe mechanisms of immune response and evasion by the main SARS-CoV-2 variants
Chen, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, P., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105044 · Cited by 27
Immune Evasive Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Variants to COVID-19 Emergency Used Vaccines
Zhang, Y., Ndzouboukou, J. B., Gan, M., Lin, X., & Fan, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.771242 · Cited by 21
“*detected in some sequences but not all. icle 771242 in the S protein, such as K417N, E484K, and N501Y in the viral RBD, and 3 amino acids deleted at positions 242-244 in the viral NTD (10).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Unique SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein P681H Variant Detected in Israel
Zuckerman, N. S., Fleishon, S., Bucris, E. D., Bar-Ilan, D., Linial, M., Bar-Or, I., Indenbaum, V., Weil, M., Lustig, Y., Mendelson, E., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9060616 · Cited by 34
“Recently, various variants of concern (VOC) have been identified globally, including the B.1.1.7 variant identified in the UK [6], the B.1.351 variant identified in South Africa [7], and the P.1 variant identified in Brazil [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialPrioritisation of Compounds for 3CLpro Inhibitor Development on SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Jukič, M., Škrlj, B., Tomšič, G., Pleško, S., Podlipnik, Č., & Bren, U. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26103003 · Cited by 28
N440K variant of SARS-CoV-2 has Higher Infectious FitnessPreprint
Tandel, D., Gupta, D., Sah, V., & Harshan, K. H. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.30.441434 · Cited by 21
“351 43 (6) have emerged as variants of concern (VoC) (1).”
BackgroundNeutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and vaccinated serumPreprint
Bates, T., Leier, H., Lyski, Z. L., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.04.21254881 · Cited by 21
Landgraff, C., Wang, L. Y. R., Buchanan, C. J., Wells, M., Schonfeld, J., Bessonov, K., Ali, J., Robert, E., & Nadon, C. A. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.11.21253409 · Cited by 22
“V2 variant, first detected in South Africa [22], and P.”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, Y., Zhu, L., Huang, W., Tong, X., Wu, H., Tao, Y., Tong, B., Huang, H., Chen, J., Zhao, X., et al. (2021) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2021.1942227 · Cited by 20
“The B.1.351 variant (also called 501Y.V2) is one of the greatest variants of concern (VOCs), which was first reported in South Africa and rapidly spreading.”
BackgroundInfluentialMonitoring SARS-CoV-2 Infection Using a Double Reporter-Expressing Virus
Chiem, K., Park, J., Vasquez, D. M., Plemper, R. K., Torrelles, J. B., Kobie, J. J., Walter, M. R., Ye, C., & Martínez‐Sobrido, L. (2022) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02379-22 · Cited by 21
“jeopardizing the effectiveness of existing preventive and/or treatment options (14-18).”
BackgroundHouchi, S., & Messasma, Z. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133032 · Cited by 28
Adhikari, P., Jawad, B., Podgornik, R., & Ching, W. Y. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052870 · Cited by 22
“Despite significant progress in SARS-CoV-2 research yielding effective vaccines, the virus continues to mutate and develop, providing ever new variants of concern (VOCs) [1-5] and variants of interests (VOIs) [6-10] that have instigated new anxieties.”
BackgroundSánchez-Calvo, J. M., Alados, J. C., Vidal, L. R., de Francisco, J. L., & Prieto, M. D. L. (2021) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115491 · Cited by 17
“The N501Y mutation has been detected in other emerging variants, such as B.1.351, detected mainly in South Africa, and P.1, which is now spreading across Brazil and has been found in 24 other countries (Faria et al., 2021; Tegally et al., 2020).”
InfluentialFurukawa, K., Tjan, L. H., Sutandhio, S., Kurahashi, Y., Iwata, S., Tohma, Y., Sano, S., Nakamura, S., Nishimura, M., Arii, J., et al. (2021) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab430 · Cited by 22
“5 circulating throughout South Africa [9].”
InfluentialInagaki, H., Saito, A., Kaneko, C., Sugiyama, H., Okabayashi, T., & Fujimoto, S. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10060754 · Cited by 26
Richard, D., Shaw, L. P., Lanfear, R., Corbett-Detig, R. B., Hinrichs, A. S., McBroome, J., Turakhia, Y., Acman, M., Owen, C. J., Tan, C. C. S., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.06.442903 · Cited by 20
The importance of genomic analysis in cracking the coronavirus pandemic
Zella, D., Giovanetti, M., Cella, E., Borsetti, A., Ciotti, M., Ceccarelli, G., d’Ettorre, G., Pezzuto, A., Tambone, V., Campanozzi, L. L., et al. (2021) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1080/14737159.2021.1917998 · Cited by 23
Self-citationFollmann, D. A., Fintzi, J., Fay, M. P., Janes, H., Baden, L. R., Sahly, H. M. E., Fleming, T. R., Mehrotra, D. V., Carpp, L. N., Juraska, M., et al. (2021) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m20-8149 · Cited by 48
Laguda-Akingba, O., Sprong, K., Marais, G. J. K., & Hardie, D. R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Virology Plus · doi:10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100013 · Cited by 27
Self-citationSkelly, D. T., Harding, A. C., Gilbert-Jaramillo, J., Knight, M. L., Longet, S., Brown, A., Adele, S., Adland, E., Brown, H., Team, M. L., et al. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-226857/v2 · Cited by 216
Self-citationRoquebert, B., Haim-Boukobza, S., Trombert-Paolantoni, S., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.19.21253971 · Cited by 20
“V1 and V3 variants 20 have been shown to be more contagious [1, 2, 4], while V2 and V3 variants seem to evade immune responses 21 [3, 4].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe challenge of emerging SARS-CoV-2 mutants to vaccine development
Li, R., Liu, J., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Journal of genetics and genomics/Journal of Genetics and Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2021.03.001 · Cited by 25
COVseq is a cost-effective workflow for mass-scale SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance
Simonetti, M., Zhang, N., Harbers, L., Milia, M. G., Brossa, S., Nguyen, T. T. H., Cerutti, F., Berrino, E., Sapino, A., Bienko, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24078-9 · Cited by 22
Wang, Y., Zhang, F., Byrd, J. B., Yu, H. J., Ye, X., & He, Y. O. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.770031 · Cited by 21
“351) was first identified at South Africa in October 2020 and likely first emerged in July or August 2020 (13).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Tegally, H., Wilkinson, E., Giovanetti, M., Iranzadeh, A., Fonseca, V., Giandhari, J., Doolabh, D., Pillay, S., San, E. J., Msomi, N., Mlisana, K., von Gottberg, A., Walaza, S., Allam, M., Ismail, A., Mohale, T., Glass, A. J., Engelbrecht, S., Van Zyl, G., Preiser, W., Petruccione, F., Sigal, A., Hardie, D., Marais, G., Hsiao, M., Korsman, S., Davies, M.-A., Tyers, L., Mudau, I., York, D., Maslo, C., Goedhals, D., Abrahams, S., Laguda-Akingba, O., Alisoltani-Dehkordi, A., Godzik, A., Wibmer, C. K., Sewell, B. T., Lourenço, J., Alcantara, L. C. J., Pond, S. L. K., Weaver, S., Martin, D., Lessells, R. J., Bhiman, J. N., Williamson, C., & de Oliveira, T.
- Affiliations
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- National Institute for Theoretical Physics (ZA)
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology (DE)
- Molecular Diagnostics Services (ZA)
- University of the Free State (ZA)
- Walter Sisulu University (ZA)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Temple University (US)
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (ZA)
- ORCID
- Tegally, Houriiyah
- Wilkinson, Eduan
- Giovanetti, Marta
- Iranzadeh, Arash
- Fonseca, Vagner
- Giandhari, Jennifer
- Pillay, Sureshnee
- Msomi, Nokukhanya
- Mlisana, Koleka
- Walaza, Sibongile
- Allam, Mushal
- Ismail, Arshad
- Mohale, Thabo
- Glass, Allison J
- Engelbrecht, Susan
- Preiser, Wolfgang
- Petruccione, Francesco
- Sigal, Alex
- Hardie, Diana
- Marais, Gert
- Hsiao, Marvin
- Korsman, Stephen
- Davies, Mary-Ann
- Tyers, Lynn
- Maslo, Caroline
- Goedhals, Dominique
- Laguda-Akingba, Oluwakemi
- Godzik, Adam
- Wibmer, Constantinos Kurt
- Sewell, Bryan Trevor
- Lourenço, José
- Pond, Sergei L Kosakovsky
- Weaver, Steven
- Martin, Darren
- Lessells, Richard J
- Bhiman, Jinal N
- Williamson, Carolyn
- de Oliveira, Tulio
- Venue
- Nature
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2020-12-22
- Volume
- 592
- Issue
- 7854
- Pages
- 438-443
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3135383916
- Cited by
- 2,535
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 167 · 2023: 308 · 2022: 738 · 2021: 1136 · 2020: 13
- FWCI
- 185.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Arca - Repositório Institucional da Fiocruz (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, Beta variant, variants of concern, spike protein mutations, receptor binding domain, K417N, E484K, N501Y, viral evolution, transmissibility, immune evasion, South Africa, Eastern Cape, Nelson Mandela Bay
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, DNA Mutational Analysis, Humans, Models, Molecular, Mutation, Phylogeny, Selection, Genetic, South Africa, Time Factors, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Fitness, Immune Evasion, Phylogeography, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
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