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Emergence and rapid spread of a new severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage with multiple spike mutations in South Africa
Open accessPreprint — published as 10.1038/s41586-021-03402-9 · Paper page
Abstract
Summary: Continued uncontrolled transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in many parts of the world is creating the conditions for significant virus evolution. Here, we describe a new SARS-CoV-2 lineage (501Y.V2) characterised by eight lineage-defining mutations in the spike protein, including three at important residues in the receptor-binding domain (K417N, E484K and N501Y) that may have functional significance. This lineage emerged in South Africa after the first epidemic wave in a severely affected metropolitan area, Nelson Mandela Bay, located on the coast of the Eastern Cape Province. This lineage spread rapidly, becoming within weeks the dominant lineage in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape Provinces. Whilst the full significance of the mutations is yet to be determined, the genomic data, showing the rapid displacement of other lineages, suggest that this lineage may be associated with increased transmissibility.
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“Additionally, K417N, Y453F, S477R, N501Y, and D614G represent circulating variants some of which have been associated with rapidly increasing case numbers14,15,19,33–35.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Recently, viral variants of concern have emerged in the UK (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351), and Brazil (P.1) that harbor specific mutations in their S proteins that may be associated with increased transmissibility (50–55).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“An A701V mutation in S2 is also observed at high frequencies, whereas deletions in residues 242 to 244 as well as R246I and L18F mutations in the NTD are present at lower frequencies (52).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“the B.1.351 lineage, which is defined by the D80A (amino acid substitution from aspartic acid to alanine at position 80) and D215G mutations in the NTD; the K417N, E484K, and N501Y mutations in the RBD; and the D614G mutation in S1 (52, 56).”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“By contrast, the NTD region itself, which appears to tolerate antigenic variation in SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses (50, 52, 55, 85), does not appear to be the target of cross-nAbs elicited by infection or vaccination.”
From mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“However, it should be noted that further mutations in spike protein observed in other novel lineages7, 8 appear to be driven by escape of the virus from the neutralising activity of public antibodies,40, 41 indicating that prevention of transmission might be temporary as the virus adapts to natural or vaccine-induced immunity.”
In the citing paper
“The B.1.351 variant is characterized by three deleterious mutations at key antigenic sites in the RBD, including N501Y, K417N, and E484K, with the latter two having particular functional impact.”
From Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Among the mutations selected and fixed in the yeast population during these initial steps of affinity maturation were three mutations that strongly emerged in clinical samples of SARS-CoV-2: S477N, E484K, and N501Y7 8,9.”
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“V2 lineage emerged in the Nelson Mandela Bay area of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, followed by its steep spread to Eastern and Western Cape Provinces (Figure 1B) [12].”
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“The N501Y mutation is also shared with other VOCs first identified in South Africa (501Y.V2; B.1.351) (Tegally et al., 2020) and Brazil (501Y.V3; P.1) (Faria et al., 2021), but B.1.1.7 has several additional ‘signature’ mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, including deletions at 69-70 and 144, as well as mutatio…”
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“351 (since named ‘beta’ [4]) which was first detected 27 in South Africa in October 2020 [19] and was designated a VOC in the UK on 24th December 2020, 28 suggests potential immune escape.”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Vaccines: Current Understanding on Immunogenicity, Safety, and Further Considerations
He, Q., Mao, Q., Zhang, J., Bian, L., Gao, F., Wang, J., Xu, M., & Liang, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.669339 · Cited by 112
Variants with the N501Y mutation extend SARS-CoV-2 host range to mice, with contact transmissionPreprint
Montagutelli, X., Prot, M., Levillayer, L., Baquero, E., Jouvion, G., Conquet, L., Beretta, M., Donati, F., Albert, M., Gámbaro, F., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.18.436013 · Cited by 114
ADAM10 and ADAM17 promote SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry and spike protein‐mediated lung cell fusion
Jocher, G., Grass, V., Tschirner, S. K., Riepler, L., Breimann, S., Kaya, T., Oelsner, M., Hamad, M. S., Hofmann, L. I., Blobel, C., et al. (2022) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202154305 · Cited by 134
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants by genomic analysis of wastewater samples in Israel
Bar-Or, I., Weil, M., Indenbaum, V., Bucris, E. D., Bar-Ilan, D., Elul, M., Levi, N., Aguvaev, I., Cohen, Z. R., Shirazi, R., et al. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148002 · Cited by 112
“Specific positions of the SARS-CoV-2 VOC were obtained from relevant publications (Tang et al., 2020; de O. Houriiyah Tegally et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2021; Bugembe et al., 2021; Sabino et al., 2021; PANGO lineages, n.d.; Anthony et al., 2021).”
InfluentialHypoxic and Pharmacological Activation of HIF Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Lung Epithelial Cells
Wing, P. A. C., Keeley, T. P., Zhuang, X., Lee, Y. S., Prange‐Barczynska, M., Tsukuda, S., Morgan, S. B., Harding, A. C., Argles, I. L. A., Kurlekar, S., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109020 · Cited by 108
“HMPP1 (Tegally et al., 2020) Public Health England SARS-CoV-2 B1.”
Mutations in SARS-CoV-2: Insights on structure, variants, vaccines, and biomedical interventions
Abulsoud, A. I., El‐Husseiny, H. M., El-Husseiny, A. A., El‐Mahdy, H. A., Ismail, A., Elkhawaga, S. Y., Khidr, E. G., Fathi, D., Mady, E. A., Najda, A., et al. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113977 · Cited by 112
“This modified virus was detected in South Africa in October 2020 and in the USA [153].”
Self-citationStamatatos, L., Czartoski, J., Wan, Y.-H., Homad, L. J., Rubin, V., Glantz, H., Neradilek, M., Seydoux, E., Jennewein, M. F., MacCamy, A. J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.21251182 · Cited by 559
“1) that harbor specific mutations in their S proteins that may be associated with increased transmissibility (50-55).”
BackgroundInfluentialTeruel, N., Mailhot, O., & Najmanovich, R. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009286 · Cited by 99
“V2 variant first observed in South Africa [56] and the P.”
BackgroundAn update on COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 variants, antiviral drugs, and vaccines
Hillary, V. E., & Ceasar, S. A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13952 · Cited by 121
The real-life impact of vaccination on COVID-19 mortality in Europe and Israel
Jabłońska, K., Aballéa, S., & Toumi, M. (2021) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.037 · Cited by 106
Deshpande, A. A., Harris, B. D., Martínez‐Sobrido, L., Kobie, J. J., & Walter, M. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.691715 · Cited by 94
Tayeb, H. H., Felimban, R. I., Almaghrabi, S. A., & Hasaballah, N. H. (2021) · Colloids and Interface Science Communications · doi:10.1016/j.colcom.2021.100533 · Cited by 112
Structural basis for enhanced infectivity and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 variants
Cai, Y., Zhang, J., Xiao, T., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.04.13.439709 · Cited by 92
“28 lineage in Brazil within a period of several months (3-5).”
BackgroundBrown, J. C., Goldhill, D. H., Zhou, J., Peacock, T. P., Frise, R., Goonawardane, N., Baillon, L., Kugathasan, R., Pinto, A., McKay, P. F., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.24.432576 · Cited by 70
SARS-CoV-2 genomics: An Indian perspective on sequencing viral variants
Srivastava, S., Banu, S., Singh, P., Sowpati, D. T., & Mishra, R. K. (2021) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-021-00145-7 · Cited by 96
“Recent reports from South Africa mention concerns regarding lineage B.1.351 which has a mutation in the RBD of the Spike protein (N501Y) which may be associated with faster transmission and possible adverse illness in young and healthy individuals (Tegally et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialCurrent status of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Kumar, S., Chandele, A., & Sharma, A. K. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009885 · Cited by 104
Variation in SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across sub-Saharan Africa
Rice, B. L., Annapragada, A. V., Baker, R. E., Bruijning, M., Dotse‐Gborgbortsi, W., Mensah, K., Miller, I. F., Motaze, N. V., Raherinandrasana, A. H., Rajeev, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01234-8 · Cited by 101
Signatures in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein conferring escape to neutralizing antibodies
Alenquer, M., Ferreira, F., Lousa, D., Valério, M., Medina-Lopes, M., Bergman, M., Gonçalves, J., Demengeot, J., Leite, R. B., Lilue, J., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009772 · Cited by 101
Will Mutations in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Lead to the Failure of COVID-19 Vaccines?
Jia, Z., & Gong, W. (2021) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e124 · Cited by 94
Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Ikegame, S., Siddiquey, M. N. A., Hung, C.-T., Haas, G. D., Brambilla, L., Oguntuyo, K. Y., Kowdle, S., Chiu, H.-P., Stevens, C. S., Vilardo, A. E., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24909-9 · Cited by 141
First detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein N501 mutation in Italy in August, 2020
Fiorentini, S., Messali, S., Zani, A., Caccuri, F., Giovanetti, M., Ciccozzi, M., & Caruso, A. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00007-4 · Cited by 88
Self-citationStructural definition of a pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing epitope on the spike S2 subunit
Hurlburt, N. K., Homad, L. J., Sinha, I. R., Jennewein, M. F., MacCamy, A. J., Wan, Y.-H., Boonyaratanakornkit, J. B., Sholukh, A. M., Jackson, A. M., Zhou, P.-P., et al. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03262-7 · Cited by 80
“(Ge et al., 2013, Rambaut et al., 2020, Tegally et al., 2020, Faria et al., 2021).”
BackgroundB cell genomics behind cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-CoV
Scheid, J. F., Barnes, C. O., Eraslan, B., Hudak, A., Keeffe, J. R., Cosimi, L. A., Brown, E., Muecksch, F., Weisblum, Y., Zhang, S., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.032 · Cited by 90
Genomic Evidence of a Sars-Cov-2 Reinfection Case With E484K Spike Mutation in BrazilPreprint
Nonaka, C. K. V., Franco, M. M., Gräf, T., Mendes, A. V. A., Aguiar, R. S., Giovanetti, M., & Souza, B. S. D. F. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202101.0132.v1 · Cited by 64
“Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis were performed as previously described.(3) Sequencing statistics showed 1.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLiu, J., Bodnar, B. H., Meng, F., Khan, A. I., Wang, X., Luo, G. G., Saribas, S., Wang, T., Lohani, S. C., Wang, P., et al. (2021) · Cell & Bioscience · doi:10.1186/s13578-021-00680-8 · Cited by 97
“Worst of all, as the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, there have emerged variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the different regions of the world, including the United Kingdom (UK), South Africa (SA), Brazil, and the United States[1-3].”
BackgroundVilloutreix, B. O., Cálvez, V., Marcelin, A., & Khatib, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041695 · Cited by 89
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in advanced clinical trials: Where do we stand?
Chakraborty, S., Mallajosyula, V. V. A., Tato, C. M., Tan, G. S., & Wang, T. T. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.014 · Cited by 90
Antiviral Drug Discovery for the Treatment of COVID-19 Infections
Ng, T. I., Correia, I., Seagal, J., DeGoey, D. A., Schrimpf, M. R., Hardee, D. J., Noey, E. L., & Kati, W. M. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14050961 · Cited by 101
“351 (Beta) VOC was found to have the largest magnitude of immune evasion upon acquiring the E484K and K417N mutations (Table 2) [64], whereas B.”
Background501Y.V2 and 501Y.V3 variants of SARS-CoV-2 lose binding to Bamlanivimab in vitro
Liu, H.-L., Wei, P., Zhang, Q.-Q., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.16.431305 · Cited by 80
Detection and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 genomic variants in wastewaterPreprint
Jahn, K., Dreifuss, D., Topolsky, I., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.01.08.21249379 · Cited by 74
“V2), which was identified in South Africa (Tegally et al. 2020), have recently generated a lot of interest as they may be associated with increased infectivity and hence accelerated spread in the human population (Volz et al.”
BackgroundModelling and optimal control of multi strain epidemics, with application to COVID-19
Arruda, E. F., Das, S. S., Dias, C. M., & Pastore, D. H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257512 · Cited by 85
Wang, W. B., Liang, Y., Jin, Y. Q., Zhang, J., Su, J. G., & Li, Q. M. (2021) · Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108035 · Cited by 83
(2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.27.428516 · Cited by 378
“Newer variants carry multiple Spike mutations (12-14) that are a potential concern for immune escape.”
Gangavarapu, K., Latif, A. A., Mullen, J., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.01.27.22269965 · Cited by 77
Heida, R., Hinrichs, W. L. J., & Frijlink, H. W. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1903878 · Cited by 96
Cheng, M. H., Krieger, J., Kaynak, B., Arditi, M., & Bahar, İ. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.10.426143 · Cited by 57
Case, J. B., Chen, R. E., Cao, L., Ying, B., Winkler, E. S., Johnson, M., Goreshnik, I., Pham, M. N., Shrihari, S., Kafai, N. M., et al. (2021) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.008 · Cited by 73
Ferrareze, P. A. G., Franceschi, V. B., Mayer, A. D. M., Caldana, G. D., Zimerman, R. A., & Thompson, C. E. (2021) · Infection, Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104941 · Cited by 82
“Two substitutions present in this lineage deserve special attention: N501Y in the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of S1 and P681H near the polybasic RRAR sequence in the furin-like cleavage region.”
InfluentialChen, C., Boorla, V. S., Banerjee, D., Chowdhury, R., Cavener, V. S., Nissly, R. H., Gontu, A., Boyle, N. R., Vandegrift, K. J., Nair, M. S., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2106480118 · Cited by 81
Predicting the zoonotic capacity of mammals to transmit SARS-CoV-2
Fischhoff, I. R., Castellanos, A. A., Rodrigues, J., Varsani, A., & Han, B. A. (2021) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1651 · Cited by 90
“A major 68 concern in such secondary spillover events is the appearance of a mutant strain [11,12] 69 affecting host range [13] or leading to increased transmissibility in humans [14,15] (but see 70 [16,17]).”
Suryadevara, N., Shrihari, S., Gilchuk, P., VanBlargan, L. A., Binshtein, E., Zost, S. J., Nargi, R. S., Sutton, R. E., Winkler, E. S., Chen, E. C., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.19.427324 · Cited by 361
Agrawal, S., Orschler, L., Schubert, S., Zachmann, K., Heijnen, L., Tavazzi, S., Gawlik, B. M., de Graaf, M., Medema, G. J., & Lackner, S. (2022) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.118162 · Cited by 94
“To get an overview of the clinical situation, we determined the count of sequences associated with current VOCs (i. e., B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2) (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2021d; World Health Organization 2021) in the 20 European countries that had provided wastewater samples (Fi…”
InfluentialMaharjan, P. M., & Choe, S. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9090992 · Cited by 78
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) protects Syrian hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 and B.1.1.7
Fischer, R. J., van Doremalen, N., Adney, D. R., Yinda, C. K., Port, J. R., Holbrook, M. G., Schulz, J. E., Williamson, B. N., Thomas, T., Barbian, K., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26178-y · Cited by 60
Chen, E. C., Gilchuk, P., Zost, S. J., Suryadevara, N., Winkler, E. S., Cabel, C. R., Binshtein, E., Chen, R. E., Sutton, R. E., Rodriguez, J. L., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109604 · Cited by 102
“The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with acquired mutations in epitopes for neutralizing antibodies, including antibody regimens currently authorized for EUA, is a cause for concern (Collier et al., 2021; Tegally et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021a, 2021b).”
Salleh, M. Z., Derrick, J. P., & Deris, Z. Z. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147425 · Cited by 82
“The variant is characterised by eight lineagedefining mutations in the S protein, including three substitutions of the important residues within the RBD- K417N, E484K and N501Y- which affect the binding affinity to ACE2 [66].”
BackgroundLong COVID: tackling a multifaceted condition requires a multidisciplinary approach
Norton, A., Olliaro, P., Sigfrid, L., et al. (2021) · Lancet. Infectious Diseases (Print) · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00043-8 · Cited by 73
One Year of SARS-CoV-2: Genomic Characterization of COVID-19 Outbreak in Qatar
Benslimane, F. M., Al-Khatib, H. A., Al-Jamal, O., Albatesh, D., Boughattas, S., Ahmed, A. A., Bensaad, M., Younuskunju, S., Mohamoud, Y. A., Badr, M. A., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.768883 · Cited by 66
“Globally, the overall situation of the pandemic seemed to be under control during September and October except for India, Brazil, and the USA (Dong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmergence and spread of a SARS-CoV-2 lineage A variant (A.23.1) with altered spike protein in Uganda
Bugembe, D. L., Phan, M. V. T., Ssewanyana, I., Semanda, P., Nansumba, H., Dhaala, B., Nabadda, S. N., O’Toole, Á., Rambaut, A., Kaleebu, P., et al. (2021) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00933-9 · Cited by 104
Metadata
- Authors
- Tegally, H., Wilkinson, E., Giovanetti, M., Iranzadeh, A., Fonseca, V., Giandhari, J., Doolabh, D., Pillay, S., San, E. J., Msomi, N., Mlisana, K., von Gottberg, A., Walaza, S., Allam, M., Ismail, A., Mohale, T., Glass, A. J., Engelbrecht, S., Van Zyl, G., Preiser, W., Petruccione, F., Sigal, A., Hardie, D., Marais, G., Hsiao, M., Korsman, S., Davies, M.-A., Tyers, L., Mudau, I., York, D., Maslo, C., Goedhals, D., Abrahams, S., Laguda-Akingba, O., Alisoltani-Dehkordi, A., Godzik, A., Wibmer, C. K., Sewell, B. T., Lourenço, J., Alcantara, L. C. J., Pond, S. L. K., Weaver, S., Martin, D., Lessells, R. J., Bhiman, J. N., Williamson, C., & de Oliveira, T.
- Affiliations
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (BR)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- National Institute for Theoretical Physics (ZA)
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology (DE)
- Molecular Diagnostics Services (ZA)
- University of the Free State (ZA)
- Walter Sisulu University (ZA)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Temple University (US)
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (ZA)
- ORCID
- Tegally, Houriiyah
- Wilkinson, Eduan
- Giovanetti, Marta
- Iranzadeh, Arash
- Fonseca, Vagner
- Giandhari, Jennifer
- Pillay, Sureshnee
- Msomi, Nokukhanya
- Mlisana, Koleka
- Walaza, Sibongile
- Allam, Mushal
- Ismail, Arshad
- Mohale, Thabo
- Glass, Allison J
- Engelbrecht, Susan
- Preiser, Wolfgang
- Petruccione, Francesco
- Sigal, Alex
- Hardie, Diana
- Marais, Gert
- Hsiao, Marvin
- Korsman, Stephen
- Davies, Mary-Ann
- Tyers, Lynn
- Maslo, Caroline
- Goedhals, Dominique
- Laguda-Akingba, Oluwakemi
- Godzik, Adam
- Wibmer, Constantinos Kurt
- Sewell, Bryan Trevor
- Lourenço, José
- Pond, Sergei L Kosakovsky
- Weaver, Steven
- Martin, Darren
- Lessells, Richard J
- Bhiman, Jinal N
- Williamson, Carolyn
- de Oliveira, Tulio
- Venue
- Nature
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2020-12-22
- Volume
- 592
- Issue
- 7854
- Pages
- 438-443
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3135383916
- Cited by
- 2,535
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 167 · 2023: 308 · 2022: 738 · 2021: 1136 · 2020: 13
- FWCI
- 185.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Arca - Repositório Institucional da Fiocruz (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, Beta variant, variants of concern, spike protein mutations, receptor binding domain, K417N, E484K, N501Y, viral evolution, transmissibility, immune evasion, South Africa, Eastern Cape, Nelson Mandela Bay
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, DNA Mutational Analysis, Humans, Models, Molecular, Mutation, Phylogeny, Selection, Genetic, South Africa, Time Factors, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic Fitness, Immune Evasion, Phylogeography, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
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