Shooting at a Moving Target—Effectiveness and Emerging Challenges for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development
Open accessAbstract
Since late 2019 the newly emerged pandemic SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has hit the world with recurring waves of infections necessitating the global implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, including strict social distancing rules, the wearing of masks and the isolation of infected individuals in order to restrict virus transmissions and prevent the breakdown of our healthcare systems. These measures are not only challenging on an economic level but also have a strong impact on social lifestyles. Using traditional and novel technologies, highly efficient vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were developed and underwent rapid clinical evaluation and approval to accelerate the immunization of the world population, aiming to end the pandemic and return to normality. However, the emergence of virus variants with improved transmission, enhanced fitness and partial immune escape from the first generation of vaccines poses new challenges, which are currently being addressed by scientists and pharmaceutical companies all over the world. In this ongoing pandemic, the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines underlies diverse unpredictable dynamics, posed by the first broad application of the mRNA vaccine technology and their compliance, the occurrence of unexpected side effects and the rapid emergence of variations in the viral antigen. However, despite these hurdles, we conclude that the available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are very safe and efficiently protect from severe COVID-19 and are thereby the most powerful tools to prevent further harm to our healthcare systems, economics and individual lives. This review summarizes the unprecedented pathways of vaccine development and approval during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We focus on the real-world effectiveness and unexpected positive and negative side effects of the available vaccines and summarize the timeline of the applied adaptations to the recommended vaccination strategies in the light of emerging virus variants. Finally, we highlight upcoming strategies to improve the next generations of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Real-world data showed mRNA-1273 effectiveness against Alpha was 100%, against Beta 96.4%, and against Delta 73.1%.
“Real-world data showed that effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against Alpha and Beta variants was 100% and 96.4%, respectively,417,418 whereas effectiveness against Delta was slightly lower (73.1%).102”
From Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development (2022) · cites this paper as [418]
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An interactive website tracking COVID-19 vaccine development
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- Authors
- Günl, F., Mecate-Zambrano, A., Rehländer, S., Hinse, S., Ludwig, S., & Brunotte, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Corresponding author
- Brunotte, Linda
- Venue
- Vaccines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-09-22
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1052
- ISSN
- 2076-393X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8540924
- OpenAlex
- W3199631570
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 200
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- URN:NBN Resolver for Germany & Switzerland (German National Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BR 5189/1-1)
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU342)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KI20218)
- Network University Medicine (01KX2021)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF) (Bru2/015/19)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccines, vaccine development, mRNA vaccines, vaccine side effects, vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, immune evasion, vaccine approval, vaccination strategies, vaccine safety
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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