The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Glymphatic clearance is enhanced during sleep
Open accessAbstract
We here revisited the concept that glymphatic clearance is enhanced by sleep and anesthesia. Utilizing dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and fluorescent fiber photometry, we report brain glymphatic clearance is enhanced by both sleep and anesthesia, and sharply suppressed by wakefulness. Another key finding was that less tracer enters the brains of awake animals and that brain clearance across different brain states can only be compared after adjusting for the injected tracer dose.
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Real-time 3D MRI and SPECT analyses from our group reveal significantly lower tracer injection into the brains of awake mice compared to sleeping or anesthetized mice.
“Real-time 3D MRI and SPECT analyses from our group reveal significantly lower tracer injection into the brains of awake mice compared to sleeping or anesthetized mice13.”
From A curious concept of CNS clearance (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
Tracer efflux to peripheral tissues was higher in sleep and anesthesia compared with wakefulness.
“tracer efflux to peripheral tissues was higher in sleep and anesthesia compared with wakefulness63.”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
The results provide further support to prior studies that identified sleep as a key driver of glymphatic flow in the rodent and human brain.
“The results presented here provide further support to prior studies that identified sleep as a key driver of glymphatic flow in the rodent and human brain14,16,19,63.”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
Wakefulness suppresses tracer injection and dispersion within the brain compared with sleep and anesthesia.
“We have recently shown that wakefulness suppresses tracer injection and dispersion within the brain compared with sleep and anesthesia63.”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [63]
Citations
Cites
Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain
Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241224 · Cited by 5,411
Self-citationCoupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep
Fultz, N. E., Bonmassar, G., Setsompop, K., Stickgold, R. A., Rosen, B. R., Polimeni, J. R., & Lewis, L. D. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax5440 · Cited by 1,197
Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia
Nedergaard, M., & Goldman, S. A. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb8739 · Cited by 1,145 · cited 1×
“This conclusion is consistent with the extensive literature indicating that sleep and anesthetic regimens characterized by high delta power and low heart rate are associated with increased brain clearance 13 14 .”
ResultSelf-citationThe sleep-wake cycle regulates brain interstitial fluid tau in mice and CSF tau in humans
Holth, J. K., Fritschi, S. K., Wang, C., Pedersen, N. P., Cirrito, J. R., Mahan, T. E., Finn, M. B., Manis, M., Geerling, J. C., Fuller, P. M., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav2546 · Cited by 813
Circadian control of brain glymphatic and lymphatic fluid flow
Hablitz, L. M., Plá, V., Giannetto, M., Vinitsky, H. S., Stæger, F. F., Metcalfe, T., Nguyen, R., Benrais, A., & Nedergaard, M. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18115-2 · Cited by 704
Self-citationBrain clearance is reduced during sleep and anesthesia
Miao, A., Luo, T., Hsieh, B., Edge, C. J., Gridley, M., Wong, R. T. C., Constandinou, T. G., Wisden, W., & Franks, N. P. (2024) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-024-01638-y · Cited by 172
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Sorted by citations
Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep
Hauglund, N. L., Andersen, M., Tokarska, K., Radovanovic, T., Kjaerby, C., Sørensen, F. L., Bojarowska, Z., Untiet, V., Ballestero, S. B., Kolmos, M. G., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.11.027 · Cited by 349
Self-citationA curious concept of CNS clearance
Plá, V., Kroesbergen, E., Deng, S., Giannetto, M. J., Hablitz, L. M., Newbold, E., Ladrón-de-Guevara, A., Esmail, T., Gomolka, R. S., Mori, Y., et al. (2025) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-01897-3 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Kroesbergen, E., Riesselmann, L. V., Gomolka, R. S., Plá, V., Esmail, T., Stenmo, V. H., Kovács, E. R., Nielsen, E. S., Goldman, S. A., Nedergaard, M., Weikop, P., & Mori, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Nedergaard, Maiken
- ORCID
- Venue
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)
- Publisher
- openRxiv
- Published
- 2024-08-26
- PMC
- PMC11418927
- OpenAlex
- W4401995823
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG072298)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS110776)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- glymphatic system, glymphatic clearance, sleep, anesthesia, wakefulness, brain states, tracer uptake, brain waste clearance, dynamic MRI, SPECT, fiber photometry
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