Amyloid-β Dynamics Are Regulated by Orexin and the Sleep-Wake Cycle
Open accessAbstract
Sleep and Alzheimer's Disease: Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain is thought to be the initiating event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is a peptide secreted in a soluble monomeric form predominantly by neurons and its aggregation into toxic forms is concentration dependent. Synaptic activity regulates the release of Aβ in vivo. However, how physiological and environmental processes are involved in regulation of Aβ levels is not understood. Kang et al. (p. 1005 , published online 24 September), by performing sleep-wake studies in freely behaving animals concomitant with in vivo microdialysis, found that brain interstitial fluid levels of Aβ were significantly correlated with wakefulness and negatively correlated with sleep. Furthermore, relatively short-term (3 weeks) sleep deprivation markedly accelerated amyloid plaque deposition in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Thus, sleep-wake behavior is linked to Aβ levels and abnormal sleep may be linked to AD pathogenesis.
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The extracted pools measured do not completely reflect the ISF pool of Aβ.
“perhaps suggesting the extracted pools we measured do not completely reflect the ISF pool of Aβ (31, 38).”
From Human ApoE isoforms differentially regulate brain amyloid-β peptide clearance (2011) · cites this paper as [38]
Amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein are present at higher levels in brain extracellular fluid and CSF during wakefulness than sleep; sleep deprivation increases their levels further.
“amyloid-ß, tau and α-synuclein are all present at higher levels in the brain extracellular fluid and CSF during wakefulness than during sleep, and sleep deprivation increases their levels further (106–108).”
From Glymphatic failure as a final common pathway to dementia (2020) · cites this paper as [107]
In mice, interstitial fluid Aβ levels correlate with wakefulness and increase after acute sleep deprivation or orexin infusion.
“In animal microdialysis experiments, interstitial fluid (ISF) Aβ levels correlate with wakefulness and significantly increase following acute sleep deprivation or orexin infusion.”
From Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies (2019) · cites this paper as Kang et al., 2009
Chronic orexin receptor blockade that increases sleep decreases amyloid plaque deposition.
“A decrease in amyloid plaque deposition was observed after chronic orexin receptor blockade resulting in increased sleep (Kang et al., 2009).”
From Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies (2019) · cites this paper as Kang et al., 2009
Acute sleep deprivation increases amyloid plaque deposition in Aβ-overexpressing mice.
“In mice overexpressing Aβ, acute sleep deprivation caused a significant increase in amyloid plaque deposition.”
From Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies (2019) · cites this paper as Kang et al., 2009
APP and Aβ homeostasis are exquisitely regulated processes, and bioenergetic metabolism regulates these processes.
“Overall, we feel we can confidently state APP and Aβ homeostasis are exquisitely regulated processes, and bioenergetic metabolism regulates these processes.”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [178]
Abundant data from human and cell-based studies either suggest or demonstrate bioenergetic factors regulate both APP processing and Aβ production.
“Whether Aβ changes precede either age-related or AD-related brain bioenergetic changes is less clear-cut, especially since abundant data from human and cell-based studies either suggest or demonstrate bioenergetic factors regulate both APP processing and Aβ production [95–100].”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [100]
Whether Aβ changes precede either age-related or AD-related brain bioenergetic changes is less clear-cut.
“Whether Aβ changes precede either age-related or AD-related brain bioenergetic changes is less clear-cut, especially since abundant data from human and cell-based studies either suggest or demonstrate bioenergetic factors regulate both APP processing and Aβ production [95–100].”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [100]
Soluble Aβ levels vary throughout the day, rising during wakefulness and falling during sleep.
“Soluble Aβ levels also vary throughout the day, rising during wakefulness and falling during sleep [100].”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [100]
Bioenergetic metabolism affects APP processing and Aβ production.
“Bioenergetic metabolism certainly affects APP processing and Aβ production.”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [100]
Extracellular occurrence of oligomers is consistent with the rapid outpouring of Aβ, and perhaps small oligomers, into brain interstitial fluid, measured by microdialysis in mouse models and humans.
“Extracellular occurrence of oligomers is consistent with the rapid outpouring of Aβ, and perhaps small oligomers, into brain interstitial fluid, measured by microdialysis in mouse models and humans (Cirrito et al., 2005; Kang et al., 2007; Kang et al., 2009).”
From The Aβ oligomer hypothesis for synapse failure and memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease (2011) · cites this paper as Kang et al., 2009
Sleep deprivation increases interstitial fluid levels of amyloid-β and increases plaque formation in mice and flies, whereas in Drosophila, genetically increasing sleep reduces amyloid-β deposition.
“Sleep deprivation increases interstitial fluid levels of Aβ and increases plaque formation in mice and flies287,288, whereas in Drosophila, genetically increasing sleep reduces Aβ deposition288.”
From Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (2019) · cites this paper as [287]
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The association between insomnia and cardiovascular diseases
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“For example, Aβ in the ISF is higher during wakefulness in mice, representing periods of peak neuronal activity (Bero et al., 2011), and lowest during sleep (Huang et al., 2012; Kang et al., 2009) or under anaesthesia (Brody et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialPrevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in Alzheimer’s disease patients
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- Authors
- Kang, J.-E., Lim, M. M., Bateman, R. J., Lee, J. J., Smyth, L. P., Cirrito, J. R., Fujiki, N., Nishino, S., & Holtzman, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holtzman, David M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-11-13
- Volume
- 326
- Issue
- 5955
- Pages
- 1005-1007
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC2789838
- OpenAlex
- W2013333500
- Cited by
- 1,565
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 120 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 28.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG 025824, AG030946, R01AG025824, K01AG029524, P50AG005681, K23AG030946, AG029524)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH072525, R01MH072525)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK056341)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS065667, P30NS057105, R01NS065667)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- amyloid-beta, orexin, sleep-wake cycle, Alzheimer's disease, sleep deprivation, orexin receptor antagonists, brain interstitial fluid, amyloid plaques, amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice, amyloid-beta aggregation
- MeSH terms
- Orexins, Acetamides, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Antigens, Surface, Circadian Rhythm, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Isoquinolines, Light, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Neuropeptides, Receptors, Cell Surface, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Wakefulness, Signal Transduction, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Receptors, Neuropeptide, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Extracellular Fluid, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Mice, Orexin Receptors
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