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Endocrine fibroblast growth factors 15/19 and 21: from feast to famine
Open accessAbstract
We review the physiology and pharmacology of two atypical fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)—FGF15/19 and FGF21—that can function as hormones. Both FGF15/19 and FGF21 act on multiple tissues to coordinate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in response to nutritional status. Whereas FGF15/19 is secreted from the small intestine in response to feeding and has insulin-like actions, FGF21 is secreted from the liver in response to extended fasting and has glucagon-like effects. FGF21 also acts in an autocrine fashion in several tissues, including adipose. The pharmacological actions of FGF15/19 and FGF21 make them attractive drug candidates for treating metabolic disease.
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“They are endogenous ligands of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), their activation of FXR resulting in the release of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1943.”
From Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future (2014) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“Unlike traditional FGFs, however, the FGF19 subfamily of FGFs, consisting of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, has reduced affinity for HSGAGs and diffuses into circulation to act on distal tissues (9, 106). Thus, these FGFs function as endocrine hormones.”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [106]
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RetractedFGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator
Kharitonenkov, A., Shiyanova, T. L., Koester, A., Ford, A. M., Micanovic, R., Galbreath, E. J., Sandusky, G. E., Hammond, L. J., Moyers, J. S., Owens, R. A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci23606 · Cited by 2,125
The Enzymes, Regulation, and Genetics of Bile Acid Synthesis
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A regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis
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Self-citationKlotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23
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Metadata
- Authors
- Potthoff, M. J., Kliewer, S. A., & Mangelsdorf, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2012-02-02
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 312-324
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC3289879
- OpenAlex
- W2099579483
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 12
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (I-1558, I-1275)
- Welch Foundation (I-1275, I-1558)
- National Institutes of Health (I-1275, I-1558)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (RL1GM084436)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK067158)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- FGF15/19, FGF21, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, nutritional status, fasting, insulin-like activity, autocrine signaling, adipose tissue, small intestine, liver
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bile Acids and Salts, Fasting, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Homeostasis, Humans, Neoplasms
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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