The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sp1 sites in the mouse aprt gene promoter are required to prevent methylation of the CpG island.
Open accessAbstract
In an attempt to find the mechanism by which CpG islands remain free of methylation we have undertaken a detailed examination of the mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) gene. This housekeeping gene has a CpG island that extends over the gene promoter and includes the first two exons. We show that the island is free of methylation at all CpGs, whereas the flanks are methyated. Detailed patterns of methylation beyond the boundaries of the CpG island vary between cells. In vivo footprinting across the island region shows that three GC boxes clustered at the 5' edge of the CpG island are occupied, most probably by Sp1. No other footprints are detected within the island region. Deletion or mutagenesis of the Sp1 sites causes de novo methylation of the CpG island in a transgenic mouse assay. Thus, the peripherally located Sp1 sites are necessary to keep the aprt island methylation free.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation
Bird, A. P. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/321209a0 · Cited by 3,777
Self-citationHöller, M., Westin, G., Jiricny, J., & Schaffner, W. (1988) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.2.9.1127 · Cited by 305
Cited by
DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory
Bird, A. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.947102 · Cited by 7,124
Self-citationJaenisch, R., & Bird, A. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1089 · Cited by 6,325
Self-citationDNA methylation and its basic function
Moore, L. D., Le, T., & Fan, G. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.112 · Cited by 4,906
CpG islands and the regulation of transcription
Deaton, A. M., & Bird, A. (2011) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.2037511 · Cited by 3,187
Self-citationEpigenetic Reprogramming in Mammalian Development
Reik, W., Dean, W., & Walter, J. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063443 · Cited by 3,078
DNA methylation: roles in mammalian development
Smith, Z. D., & Meissner, A. (2013) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg3354 · Cited by 3,045
Linking DNA methylation and histone modification: patterns and paradigms
Cedar, H., & Bergman, Y. (2009) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2540 · Cited by 2,267
Function and information content of DNA methylation
Schübeler, D. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14192 · Cited by 2,060
CTCF mediates methylation-sensitive enhancer-blocking activity at the H19/Igf2 locus
Hark, A. T., Schoenherr, C. J., Katz, D. J., Ingram, R. S., Levorse, J. M., & Tilghman, S. M. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35013106 · Cited by 1,547
CpG islands influence chromatin structure via the CpG-binding protein Cfp1
Thomson, J. P., Skene, P. J., Selfridge, J., Clouaire, T., Guy, J., Webb, S., Kerr, A. R. W., Deaton, A., Andrews, R., James, K. D., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08924 · Cited by 625
Self-citationDNA methylation dynamics in health and disease
Bergman, Y., & Cedar, H. (2013) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.2518 · Cited by 592
Catteau, A., Harris, W. H., Xu, C.-F., & Solomon, E. (1999) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202509 · Cited by 354
DNA methylation represses transcription in vivo
Siegfried, Z., Eden, S., Mendelsohn, M., Feng, X., Tsuberi, B.-Z., & Cedar, H. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/9727 · Cited by 354
Robertson, K. D., & Jones, P. A. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.18.11.6457 · Cited by 352
Sensitivity of transcription factors to DNA methylation
Héberlé, É., & Bardet, A. F. (2019) · Essays in Biochemistry · doi:10.1042/ebc20190033 · Cited by 347
Zhang, T. Y., Labonté, B., Wen, X. L., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.149 · Cited by 347
CTCF maintains differential methylation at the Igf2/H19 locus
Schoenherr, C. J., Levorse, J. M., & Tilghman, S. M. (2003) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1057 · Cited by 320
Role of DNA Methylation in Modulating Transcription Factor Occupancy
Maurano, M. T., Wang, H., John, S., Shafer, A., Canfield, T., Lee, K., & Stamatoyannopoulos, J. A. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.024 · Cited by 281
Initiation of DNA replication at CpG islands in mammalian chromosomes
Delgado, S., Gómez, M., Bird, A., & Antequera, F. (1998) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/17.8.2426 · Cited by 242
Self-citationNotes on the role of dynamic DNA methylation in mammalian development
Bestor, T. H., Edwards, J. R., & Boulard, M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1415301111 · Cited by 238
Hellstrom, I. C., Dhir, S. K., Diorio, J. C., & Meaney, M. J. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0223 · Cited by 171
Epigenetics and the Biological Basis of Gene × Environment Interactions
Bagot, R. C., & Meaney, M. J. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.001 · Cited by 177
Epigenetic regulation of serotonin transporter expression and behavior in infant rhesus macaques
Kinnally, E. L., Capitanio, J. P., Leibel, R., Deng, L., LeDuc, C., Haghighi, F., & Mann, J. J. (2010) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00588.x · Cited by 155
Identification and characterization of the DNA binding domain of CpG-binding protein
Lee, J.-H., Voo, K. S., & Skalnik, D. G. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m107179200 · Cited by 157
Epigenomics: Genome-Wide Study of Methylation Phenomena
(2002) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.21775/cimb.004.111 · Cited by 150
Environmental regulation of the neural epigenome
Caldji, C., Hellstrom, I. C., Zhang, T.-Y., Diorio, J., & Meaney, M. J. (2011) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.032 · Cited by 82
Krebs, A. R., Dessus-Babus, S., Burger, L., & Schübeler, D. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.04094 · Cited by 81
Weaver, I. C. G., Hellstrom, I. C., Brown, S. E., Andrews, S. D., Dymov, S., Diorio, J., Zhang, T.-Y., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M. J. (2014) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0513 · Cited by 67
Gordon, K., Clouaire, T., Bao, X. X., Kemp, S. E., Xenophontos, M., de Las Heras, J. I., & Stancheva, I. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1351 · Cited by 44
Exploring the characteristics of sequence elements in proximal promoters of human genes
Bina, M., Wyss, P., Ren, W., Szpankowski, W., Thomas, E., Randhawa, R., Reddy, S., John, P. M., Pares-Matos, E. I., Stein, A., et al. (2004) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.08.013 · Cited by 34
Epigenetic preparation of future gene induction kinetics
Xiong, J., & Zhu, B. (2025) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-012825-093148 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Macleod, D., Charlton, J., Mullins, J., & Bird, A. P.
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 1994-10-01
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 2282-2292
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- OpenAlex
- W1993063708
- Cited by
- 598
- References
- 2
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
