The Human ARF Cell Cycle Regulatory Gene Promoter Is a CpG Island Which Can Be Silenced by DNA Methylation and Down-Regulated by Wild-Type p53
Open accessAbstract
The INK4a/ARF locus encodes two proteins involved in tumor suppression in a manner virtually unique in mammalian cells. Distinct first exons, driven from separate promoters, splice onto a common exon 2 and 3 but utilize different reading frames to produce two completely distinct proteins, both of which play roles in cell cycle control. INK4a, a critical element of the retinoblastoma gene pathway, binds to and inhibits the activities of CDK4 and CDK6, while ARF, a critical element of the p53 pathway, increases the level of functional p53 via interaction with MDM2. Here we clone and characterize the promoter of the human ARF gene and show that it is a CpG island characteristic of a housekeeping gene which contains numerous Sp1 sites. Both ARF and INK4a are coordinately expressed in cells except when their promoter regions become de novo methylated. In one of these situations, ARF transcription could be reactivated by treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, and the reactivation kinetics of ARF and INK4a were found to differ slightly in a cell line in which both genes were silenced by methylation. The ARF promoter was also found to be highly responsive to E2F1 expression, in keeping with previous results at the RNA level. Lastly, transcription from the ARF promoter was down-regulated by wild-type p53 expression, and the magnitude of the effect correlated with the status of the endogenous p53 gene. This finding points to the existence of an autoregulatory feedback loop between p53, MDM2, and ARF, aimed at keeping p53 levels in check.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Delayed ARF expression increase probably reflects the complex organization of responsive elements within the ARF promoter.
“The delayed ARF expression increase probably reflects the complex organization of the responsive elements within the ARF promoter [130,131,132].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division
Levine, A. J. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81871-1 · Cited by 7,693 · see citing works
Sherr, C. J. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5293.1672 · Cited by 5,379 · see citing works
Mdm2 promotes the rapid degradation of p53
Haupt, Y., Maya, R., Kazaz, A., & Oren, M. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387296a0 · Cited by 4,506 · see citing works
CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation
Bird, A. P. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/321209a0 · Cited by 3,777 · see citing works
Participation of p53 protein in the cellular response to DNA damage.
Kastan, M. B., Onyekwere, O. C., Sidransky, D., Vogelstein, B., & Craig, R. W. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 3,761 · see citing works
A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4.
Serrano, M., Hannon, G. J., & Beach, D. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/366704a0 · Cited by 3,650 · see citing works
CpG islands in vertebrate genomes.
Gardiner-Garden, M., & Frommer, M. (1987) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(87)90689-9 · Cited by 3,462 · see citing works
Regulation of p53 stability by Mdm2
Kubbutat, M. H. G., Jones, S. N., & Vousden, K. H. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/387299a0 · Cited by 3,312 · see citing works
p53: puzzle and paradigm.Preprint
Ko, L. J., & Prives, C. L. (1996) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.10.9.1054 · Cited by 2,338 · see citing works
Merlo, A., Herman, J. G., Mao, L., Lee, D. J., Gabrielson, E. W., Burger, P. C., Baylin, S. B., & Sidransky, D. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0795-686 · Cited by 1,978 · see citing works
Amplification of a gene encoding a p53-associated protein in human sarcomas
Oliner, J. D., Kinzler, K. W., Meltzer, P. S., George, D. L., & Vogelstein, B. (1992) · Nature · doi:10.1038/358080a0 · Cited by 1,949 · see citing works
The p53-mdm-2 autoregulatory feedback loop.
Wu, X., Bayle, J. H., Olson, D., & Levine, A. J. (1993) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.7.7a.1126 · Cited by 1,801 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Xiong, Y., & Yarbrough, W. G. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81401-4 · Cited by 1,626 · see citing works
Role of the INK4a Locus in Tumor Suppression and Cell Mortality
Serrano, M., Lee, H.-W., Chin, L., Cordon-Cardo, C., Beach, D., & DePinho, R. A. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81079-x · Cited by 1,585 · see citing works
The “initiator” as a transcription control element
Smale, S. T., & Baltimore, D. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90176-1 · Cited by 1,572 · see citing works
Tumor Suppression at the Mouse INK4a Locus Mediated by the Alternative Reading Frame Product p19
Kamijo, T., Zindy, F., Roussel, M. F., Quelle, D. E., Downing, J. R., Ashmun, R. A., Grosveld, G., & Sherr, C. J. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80452-3 · Cited by 1,566 · see citing works
Pomerantz, J., Schreiber-Agus, N., Liégeois, N. J., Silverman, A., Alland, L., Chin, L., Potes, J., Chen, K., Orlow, I., Lee, H.-W., et al. (1998) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81400-2 · Cited by 1,521 · see citing works
Ouelle, D. E., Zindy, F., Ashmun, R. A., & Sherr, C. J. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90214-7 · Cited by 1,485 · see citing works
Oncoprotein MDM2 conceals the activation domain of tumour suppressor p53
Oliner, J. D., Pietenpol, J. A., Thiagalingam, S., Gyuris, J., Kinzler, K. W., & Vogelstein, B. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362857a0 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Herman, J. G., Merlo, A. U., Mao, L., Lapidus, R. G., Issa, J. J., Davidson, N. E., Sidransky, D., & Baylin, S. B. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
mdm2 expression is induced by wild type p53 activity.
Barak, Y., Juven, T., Haffner, R., & Oren, M. (1993) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05678.x · Cited by 1,290 · see citing works
Germline p16 mutations in familial melanoma
Hussussian, C. J., Struewing, J. P., Goldstein, A. M., Higgins, P., Ally, D. S., Sheahan, M. D., Clark, W. H., Tucker, M. A., & Dracopoli, N. C. (1994) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0994-15 · Cited by 1,252 · see citing works
Caldas, C., Hahn, S. A., da Costa, L. T., Redston, M. S., Schutte, M. E. M., Seymour, A. B., Weinstein, C. L., Hruban, R. H., Yeo, C. J., & Kern, S. E. (1994) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0994-27 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Database of p53 gene somatic mutations in human tumors and cell lines.
Hollstein, M. C., Rice, K., Greenblatt, M. S., Soussi, T., Fuchs, R., Sørlie, T., Hovig, E. J., Smith‐Sørensen, B., Montesano, R., & Harris, C. C. (1994) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Analysis of the p16 gene (CDKN2) as a candidate for the chromosome 9p melanoma susceptibility locus
Kamb, A., Shattuck-Eidens, D. M., Eeles, R. A., Liu, Q., Gruis, N. A., Ding, W., Hussey, C. E., Tran, T., Miki, Y., Weaver-Feldhaus, J., et al. (1994) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0994-22 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Nelson, W. G., & Kastan, M. B. (1994) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.14.3.1815 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Genetic alterations of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and Cdk inhibitors in human cancer
(1996) · Advances in cancer research · doi:10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60352-8 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Hara, E., Smith, R., Parry, D., Tahara, H., Stone, S., & Peters, G. (1996) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.16.3.859 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Modulation of Activity of the Promoter of the Human MDR 1 Gene by Ras and p53
Chin, K., Ueda, K., Pastan, I. H., & Gottesman, M. M. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1346476 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Distinct roles for E2F proteins in cell growth control and apoptosis
DeGregori, J. V., Leone, G. W., Miron, A., Jakoi, L., & Nevins, J. R. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.14.7245 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Gonzalez‐Zulueta, M., Bender, C. M., Yang, A. S., Nguyen, T. T., Beart, R. W., Tornout, J. M. V., & Jones, P. A. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Self-citationTumor-suppressive pathways in pancreatic carcinoma.
Rozenblum, E., Schutte, M. E. M., Goggins, M., Hahn, S. A., Panzer, S., ZAHURAK, M. L., Goodman, S. N., Sohn, T. A., Hruban, R. H., Yeo, C. J., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Jones, N., Rigby, P. W. J., & Ziff, E. B. (1988) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.2.3.267 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Abrogation of the Rb/p16 tumor-suppressive pathway in virtually all pancreatic carcinomas.
Schutte, M. E. M., Hruban, R. H., Geradts, J., Maynard, R. D., Hilgers, W., Rabindran, S. K., Moskaluk, C. A., Hahn, S. A., Schwarte‐Waldhoff, I., Schmiegel, W., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Sp1 sites in the mouse aprt gene promoter are required to prevent methylation of the CpG island.Preprint
Macleod, D., Charlton, J., Mullins, J. J., & Bird, A. P. (1994) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.8.19.2282 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Hypermethylation-associated inactivation indicates a tumor suppressor role for p15INK4B.
Herman, J. G., Jen, J., Merlo, A. U., & Baylin, S. B. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Growth regulation of a cellular tumour antigen, p53, in nontransformed cells
Reich, N. C., & Levine, A. J. (1984) · Nature · doi:10.1038/308199a0 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Wild-type p53 binds to the TATA-binding protein and represses transcription.
Seto, E., Usheva, A., Zambetti, G. P., Momand, J. A., Horikoshi, N., Weinmann, R. S., Levine, A. J., & Shenk, T. E. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.24.12028 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Genetic determinants of p53-induced apoptosis and growth arrest.Preprint
Polyák, K., Waldman, T. A., He, T., Kinzler, K. W., & Vogelstein, B. (1996) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.10.15.1945 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Wild-type p53 can down-modulate the activity of various promoters.
Ginsberg, D., Mechta‐Grigoriou, F., Yaniv, M., & Oren, M. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.22.9979 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Sequence-specific transcriptional activation is essential for growth suppression by p53.
Pietenpol, J. A., Tokino, T., Thiagalingam, S., El‐Deiry, W. S., Kinzler, K. W., & Vogelstein, B. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.1998 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Santhanam, U., Ray, A., & Sehgal, P. B. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.17.7605 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Bender, C. M., Pao, M. M., & Jones, P. A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Self-citationComplex structure and regulation of the P16 (MTS1) locus.
Stone, S., Jiang, P., Dayananth, P., Tavtigian, S. V., Katcher, H. L., Parry, D., Peters, G., & Kamb, A. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Parry, D., Bates, S., Mann, D. J., & Peters, G. (1995) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07026.x · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Mao, L., Merlo, A. U., Bedi, G. C., Shapiro, G. I., Edwards, C. D., Rollins, B. J., & Sidransky, D. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Specific repression of TATA-mediated but not initiator-mediated transcription by wild-type p53
Mack, D. H., Vartikar, J., Pipas, J. M., & Laimins, L. A. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363281a0 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Proudfoot, N. J. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/322562a0 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
An analysis of genes regulated by the multi-functional transcriptional regulator Yin Yang-1
Shrivastava, A., & Calame, K. L. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.24.5151 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Mercer, W. E., Shields, M. T., Lin, D. P., Appella, E., & Ullrich, S. J. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.5.1958 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
DNA tumor virus transforming proteins and the cell cycle
Morán, E. (1993) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80342-9 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
De novo methylation of the MyoD1 CpG island during the establishment of immortal cell lines.
Jones, P. A., Wolkowicz, M. J., Rideout, W. M., Gonzales, F. A., Marziasz, C. M., Coetzee, G. A., & Tapscott, S. J. (1990) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.87.16.6117 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationTranscriptional activation by p53 correlates with suppression of growth but not transformation
Crook, T. J. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90071-x · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Means, A. L., & Farnham, P. (1990) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.10.2.653 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
E2F-6, a member of the E2F family that can behave as a transcriptional repressor
Trimarchi, J. M., Fairchild, B., Verona, R. I., Moberg, K. H., Andon, N. L., & Lees, J. A. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.2850 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Tam, S. W., Shay, J. W., & Pagano, M. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Quelle, D. E., Cheng, M. M., Ashmun, R. A., & Sherr, C. J. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.2.669 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Nelson, W. G., & Kastan, M. B. (1994) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.14.3.1815-1823.1994 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Parental imprinting of autosomal mammalian genes
Efstratiadis, A. (1994) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80054-1 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The role of DNA methylation in expression of the p19/p16 locus in human bladder cancer cell lines.
Gonzalgo, M. L., Hayashida, T., Bender, C. M., Pao, M. M., Tsai, Y., Gonzales, F. A., Nguyen, H. D., Nguyen, T. T., & Jones, P. A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationFitzGerald, M. G., Harkin, D. P., Silva-Arrieta, S., MacDonald, D. J., Lucchina, L. C., Ünsal, H., O'Neill, E., Koh, J., Finkelstein, D. M., Isselbacher, K. J., et al. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.16.8541 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Paleobotanical Evidence for High Altitudes in Nevada During the Miocene
Wolfe, J. A., Schorn, H. E., Forest, C. E., & Molnár, P. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.276.5319.1672 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Inhibition of viral and cellular promoters by human wild-type p53
Subler, M. A., Martin, D. W., & Deb, S. (1992) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.66.8.4757-4762.1992 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The initiator directs the assembly of a transcription factor IID-dependent transcription complex.
Cárcamo, J. M., Buckbinder, L., & Reinberg, D. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.18.8052 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Splicing into Senescence: The Curious Case of p16 and p19ARF
Haber, D. A. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80441-9 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Role of transcriptional interference in the Drosophila melanogaster Adh promoter switch
Corbin, V., & Maniatis, T. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/337279a0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Robertson, K. D., Hayward, S. D., Ling, P. D., Samid, D., & Ambinder, R. F. (1995) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.15.11.6150 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationTumor-suppressor p53 and the cell cycle
Perry, M. E., & Levine, A. J. (1993) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80340-5 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Wu, J., Grindlay, G. J., Bushel, P. R., Mendelsohn, L. G., & Allan, M. (1990) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.10.3.1209 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Characterization of the human p53 gene promoter.
Tuck, S. P., & Crawford, L. (1989) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.9.5.2163 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
p16 and p16 beta are potent growth suppressors of head and neck squamous carcinoma cells in vitro.
Liggett, W. H., Sewell, D. A., Rocco, J., Ahrendt, S. A., Koch, W. M., & Sidransky, D. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Means, A. L., & Farnham, P. (1990) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.10.2.653-661.1990 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Vales, L. D., & Darnell, J. E., Jr. (1989) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.3.1.49 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Polyák, K., Waldman, T. A., He, T., Kinzler, K. W., & Vogelstein, B. (1996) · Genes & Development · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Tanaka, H., Shimada, Y., Imamura, M., Shibagaki, I., & Ishizaki, K. (1997) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970207)70:4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Robertson, K. D., & Ambinder, R. F. (1997) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.71.9.6445-6454.1997 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationPuglielli, M. T., Desai, N., & Speck, S. H. (1997) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.71.1.120-128.1997 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Transcriptional Regulation of the Human PAX6 Gene Promoter
Xu, Z., & Saunders, G. F. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.6.3430 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cj, L. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Wu, J. T., Grindlay, G. J., Bushel, P. R., Mendelsohn, L. G., & Allan, M. (1990) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.10.3.1209-1216.1990 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mechanism of DNA synthesis inhibition by arabinosyl cytosine and arabinosyl adenine
Rashbaum, S. A., & Cozzarelli, N. R. (1976) · Nature · doi:10.1038/264679a0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Sewell, D. A., W. H. Liggett, Jr., W. G. Yarbrough, and D. Sidransky. 1997. Human p16 encodes a novel 14 kD protein and suppresses growth in vitro independently from pRb. Proc. Am. Assoc Cancer Res. 38:80.
- Shores, C., E. Liu, and W. Yarbrough. 1997. Expression of p16 in human cells. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 38:277.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis in cancer
Evan, G. I., & Vousden, K. H. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35077213 · Cited by 3,383 · see citing works
Johnstone, R. W., Ruefli, A. A., & Lowe, S. W. (2002) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00625-6 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
A gene hypermethylation profile of human cancer.
Esteller, M., Corn, P. G., Baylin, S. B., & Herman, J. G. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 2,032 · see citing works
CpG island hypermethylation and tumor suppressor genes: a booming present, a brighter future
Esteller, M. (2002) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205600 · Cited by 1,235 · see citing works
Ren, B., Cam, H., Takahashi, Y., Volkert, T., Terragni, J., Young, R. A., & Dynlacht, B. D. (2002) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.949802 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Robertson, K. D., Ait-Si-Ali, S., Yokochi, T., Wade, P. A., Jones, P. L., & Wolffe, A. P. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/77124 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Self-citationAwakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway
Brown, C. J., Lain, S., Verma, C. S., Fersht, A. R., & Lane, D. P. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2763 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Robertson, K. D., Uzvölgyi, É., Liang, G., Talmadge, C. B., Sümegi, J., Gonzales, F. A., & Jones, P. A. (1999) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/27.11.2291 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation of the INK4b–ARF–INK4a tumour suppressor locus: all for one or one for all
Gil, J., & Peters, G. (2006) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1987 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Cancer as an epigenetic disease: DNA methylation and chromatin alterations in human tumours
Esteller, M., & Herman, J. G. (2001) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.1024 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
DNA methylation, methyltransferases, and cancer
Robertson, K. D. (2001) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204341 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Self-citationDrugging the p53 pathway: understanding the route to clinical efficacy
Khoo, K. H., Verma, C. S., & Lane, D. P. (2014) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4236 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Jones, P. A. (1999) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(98)01636-9 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cellular response to p53: the decision between life and death
Sionov, R. V., & Haupt, Y. (1999) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203130 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
ABERRANT DNA METHYLATION AS A CANCER-INDUCING MECHANISM
Esteller, M. (2005) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095832 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer
de Gruijl, F. R., van Kranen, H. J., & Mullenders, L. H. F. (2001) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology · doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00199-3 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Aberrant methylation in gastric cancer associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype.
Toyota, M., Ahuja, N., Suzuki, H., Itoh, F., Ohe-Toyota, M., Imai, K., Baylin, S. B., & Issa, J. J. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 530 · see citing works
twist is a potential oncogene that inhibits apoptosis
Maestro, R., Tos, A. P. D., Hamamori, Y., Krasnokutsky, S., Sartorelli, V., Kedes, L., Doglioni, C., Beach, D. H., & Hannon, G. J. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.17.2207 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Epigenetic patterns in the progression of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Eads, C. A., Lord, R. V., Wickramasinghe, K. S., Long, T. I., Kurumboor, S. K., Bernstein, L., Peters, J. H., DeMeester, S. R., DeMeester, T. R., Skinner, K. A., et al. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 500 · see citing works
p53 and E2f: partners in life and death
Polager, S., & Ginsberg, D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc2718 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Emerging concepts in colorectal neoplasia
Jass, J. R., Whitehall, V., Young, J. P., & Leggett, B. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.35392 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Esteller, M., Tórtola, S., Toyota, M., Capellá, G., Peinado, M. A., Baylin, S. B., & Herman, J. G. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Costello, J., & Plass, C. (2001) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.38.5.285 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Bulavin, D. V., Dudgeon, C., Nannenga, B., Timofeev, O. N., Donehower, L. A., Anderson, C. W., Appella, E., & Fornace, A. J. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1317 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Dimri, G. P., Itahana, K., Acosta, M., & Campisi, J. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.1.273-285.2000 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence
Roger, L., Tomas, F., & Gire, V. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222313173 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration
Lardenoije, R., Iatrou, A., Kenis, G., Kompotis, K., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Mastroeni, D., Coleman, P., Lemere, C. A., Hof, P. R., van den Hove, D. L. A., et al. (2015) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Zhu, D., & Bourguignon, L. (2000) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(200005)183:2 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Nguyen, C. T., Weisenberger, D. J., Velicescu, M., Gonzales, F. A., Lin, J., Liang, G., & Jones, P. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationChromosome 9p21 SNPs Associated with Multiple Disease Phenotypes Correlate with ANRIL Expression
Cunnington, M. S., Santibanez‐Koref, M., Mayosi, B. M., Burn, J., & Keavney, B. D. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000899 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Jacobs, J. J. L., Keblusek, P., Robanus-Maandag, E., Kristel, P., Lingbeek, M., Nederlof, P. M., van Welsem, T., van de Vijver, M. J., Koh, E. Y., Daley, G. Q., et al. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/81583 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Epigenetic changes in colorectal cancer
Kondo, Y., & Issa, J. J. (2003) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1023/a:1025806911782 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
(1999) · PubMed · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Relevance of DNA methylation in the management of cancer
Esteller, M. (2003) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(03)01115-x · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Kim, D. H., Nelson, H. H., Wiencke, J. K., Zheng, S., Christiani, D. C., Wain, J. C., Mark, E. J., & Kelsey, K. T. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 326 · see citing works
CDC25A Phosphatase Is a Target of E2F and Is Required for Efficient E2F-Induced S Phase
Vigo, E., Müller, H., Prosperini, E., Hateboer, G., Cartwright, P., Moroni, M. C., & Helin, K. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.9.6379 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Up-regulation of Bcl-2 Homology 3 (BH3)-only Proteins by E2F1 Mediates Apoptosis
Hershko, T., & Ginsberg, D. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m312866200 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
The genetics of the E2F family of transcription factors: shared functions and unique roles
DeGregori, J. V. (2002) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0304-419x(02)00051-3 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
p53 Family and Cellular Stress Responses in Cancer
Pflaum, J., Schlosser, S., & ller, M. M. ⁄. (2014) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2014.00285 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Ichimura, K., Bondesson, M., Goike, H., Schmidt, E., Moshref, A., & Collins, V. P. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 282 · see citing works
A germline deletion of p14ARF but not CDKN2A in a melanoma-neural system tumour syndrome family
Randerson‐Moor, J. A. (2001) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/10.1.55 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Myc Requires Distinct E2F Activities to Induce S Phase and Apoptosis
Leone, G. W., Sears, R. C., Huang, E. S., Rempel, R. E., Nuckolls, F., Park, C., Giangrande, P. H., Wu, L., Saavedra, H. I., Field, S. J., et al. (2001) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00275-1 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
The E2F transcription factors: key regulators of cell proliferation
Müller, H., & Helin, K. (2000) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0304-419x(99)00030-x · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Linggi, B. E., Müller‐Tidow, C., van de Locht, L. T., Hu, M., Nip, J., Serve, H. L., Berdel, W. E., van der Reijden, B., Quelle, D. E., Rowley, J. D., et al. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm726 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease
Mastroeni, D., Grover, A., Delvaux, E., Whiteside, C. M., Coleman, P. D., & Rogers, J. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.08.017 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Mdm2 is critically and continuously required to suppress lethal p53 activity in vivo
Ringshausen, I., O'Shea, C. C., Finch, A. J., Swigart, L. B., & Evan, G. I. (2006) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.010 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Zhao, Y., Tan, J. Y., Zhuang, L., Jiang, X., Liu, E. T., & Yu, Q. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505585102 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Nguyen, C. (2001) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/29.22.4598 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Momparler, R. L. (2003) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206774 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
p14ARF Deletion and Methylation in Genetic Pathways to Glioblastomas
Nakamura, M., Watanabe, T., Klangby, U., Asker, C., Wiman, K. G., Yonekawa, Y., Kleihues, P., & Ohgaki, H. (2001) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00388.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
CpG methylation as a mechanism for the regulation of E2F activity
Campanero, M. R., Armstrong, M. I., & Flemington, E. K. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.100340697 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Epigenetic Cross-Talk between DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in Human Cancers
Kondo, Y. (2009) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2009.50.4.455 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Dial 9-1-1 for p53: Mechanisms of p53 Activation by Cellular Stress
Ljungman, M. E. (2000) · Neoplasia · doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900073 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in cancer
Herman, J. G. (1999) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1006/scbi.1999.0138 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Targeting ornithine decarboxylase in Myc-induced lymphomagenesis prevents tumor formation
Nilsson, J. A., Keller, U. B., Baudino, T. A., Yang, C., Norton, S., Old, J. B., Nilsson, L. M., Neale, G. A. M., Kramer, D. L., Porter, C. W., et al. (2005) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.03.036 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Damalas, A., Kahan, S., Shtutman, M. S., Ben‐Ze'ev, A., & Oren, M. (2001) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/20.17.4912 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Epigenetic biomarkers for human cancer: The time is now
Mulero‐Navarro, S., & Esteller, M. (2008) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.03.001 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Magdinier, F., & Wolffe, A. P. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.101617298 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Ginsberg, D. (2002) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03270-2 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Xing, E. P., Nie, Y., Song, Y., Yang, G., Cai, Y., Wang, L., & Yang, C. S. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Methylation of Serum DNA Is an Independent Prognostic Marker in Colorectal Cancer
Wallner, M., Herbst, A., Behrens, A., Crispin, A., Stieber, P., Göke, B., Lamerz, R., & Kolligs, F. T. (2006) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1264 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Eischen, C. M., Roussel, M. F., Korsmeyer, S. J., & Cleveland, J. L. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.22.7653-7662.2001 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Methylation Silencing and Mutations of the p14ARF and p16INK4a Genes in Colon Cancer
Hirt‐Burri, N., Shaw, P. H., Bouzourène, H., Sordat, I., Sordat, B., Gillet, M., Schorderet, D. F., Bosman, F. T., & Chaubert, P. (2001) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/labinvest.3780230 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Frequent Methylation Silencing of p15INK4b(MTS2) and p16INK4a (MTS1) in B-Cell and T-Cell Lymphomas
Baur, A. S., Shaw, P., Hirt‐Burri, N., Delacrétaz, F., Bosman, F. T., & Chaubert, P. (1999) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v94.5.1773 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Involvement of E2F transcription factor family in cancer
Tsantoulis, P. K., & Gorgoulis, V. G. (2005) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2005.08.005 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
High Frequency of p53/MDM2/p14ARF Pathway Abnormalities in Relapsed Neuroblastoma
Carr‐Wilkinson, J., O’Toole, K., Wood, K. M., Challen, C., Baker, A., Julian Board, Evans, L. E., Cole, M. F., Cheung, N. V., Boos, J., et al. (2010) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1865 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Weiser, T. S., Guo, Z. S., Ohnmacht, G. A., Parkhurst, M. L., Tong-On, P., Marincola, F. M., Fischette, M. R., Yu, X., Chen, G. A., Hong, J. A., et al. (2001) · Journal of Immunotherapy · doi:10.1097/00002371-200103000-00010 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Melanoma genetics: An update with focus on the CDKN2A(p16)/ARF tumor suppressors
Piepkorn, M. W. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1067/mjd.2000.104687 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Lingbeek, M. E., Jacobs, J. J. L., & van Lohuizen, M. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m200403200 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
MacLachlan, T. K., Takimoto, R., & El‐Deiry, W. S. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.22.12.4280-4292.2002 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
A CpG island hypermethylation profile of primary colorectal carcinomas and colon cancer cell lines.
Lind, G. E., Thorstensen, L., Løvig, T., Meling, G. I., Hamelin, R., Rognum, T. O., Esteller, M., & Lothe, R. A. (2004) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/1476-4598-3-28 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Transcriptional Repression by p53 through Direct Binding to a Novel DNA Element
Johnson, R. A., Ince, T. A., & Scotto, K. W. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c100121200 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Defective de novo methylation of viral and cellular DNA sequences in ICF syndrome cells
Tao, Q. (2002) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/11.18.2091 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Cellular Response to Oncogenic Ras Involves Induction of the Cdk4 and Cdk6 Inhibitor p15INK4b
Malumbres, M., de Castro, I. P., Hernández, M. I., Jiménez, M., Corral, T., & Pellicer, À. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.8.2915-2925.2000 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Epigenetics in Alzheimer’s Disease: Perspective of DNA Methylation
Qazi, T. J., Quan, Z., Mir, A., & Qing, H. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0357-6 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Methylation patterns define two types of hyperplastic polyp associated with colorectal cancer
Wynter, C. V. A. (2004) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.2003.030841 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Sigalotti, L., Fratta, E., Coral, S., Cortini, E., Covre, A., Nicolay, H. J. M., Anzalone, L., Pezzani, L., Giacomo, A. M. D., Fonsatti, E., et al. (2007) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.21066 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Apoptosis in cancer—implications for therapy
Schulze‐Bergkamen, H., & Krammer, P. H. (2004) · Seminars in Oncology · doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2003.11.006 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Disease: genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive bladder cancer
Wolff, E. M., Liang, G., & Jones, P. A. (2005) · Nature Clinical Practice Urology · doi:10.1038/ncpuro0318 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationEpigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for pathogenesis and therapy
Wang, J., Yu, J., Tan, M., Jiang, T., & Tan, L. (2013) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.003 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Kumar, S., Park, S. H., Cieply, B. W., Schupp, J. E., Killiam, E. J., Zhang, F., Rimm, D. L., & Frisch, S. M. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01342-10 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Gopisetty, G., RAMACHANDRAN, K., & Singal, R. (2006) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2005.11.010 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Methylation and colorectal cancer
Jubb, A. M., Bell, S. M., & Quirke, P. (2001) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.923 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
p14ARF silencing by promoter hypermethylation mediates abnormal intracellular localization of MDM2.
Esteller, M., Cordon‐Cardo, C., Corn, P. G., Meltzer, S. J., Pohar, K. S., Watkins, D. N., Capellá, G., Peinado, M. A., Matías‐Guiu, X., Prat, J., et al. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Kim, D.-H., Kim, J. S., Ji, Y., Shim, Y. M., Kim, H., Han, J., & Park, J. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Sánchez‐Céspedes, M., Reed, A. L., Buta, M. R., Li, W., Westra, W. H., Herman, J. G., Yang, S. C., Jen, J., & Sidransky, D. (1999) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1203003 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The impact of chromatin in human cancer: linking DNA methylation to gene silencing
Ballestar, E. (2002) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/23.7.1103 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Adenovirus-Mediated p14ARF Gene Transfer in Human Mesothelioma Cells
Yang, C., You, L., Yeh, C., Chang, J. W. C., Zhang, F., McCormick, F. P., & Jablons, D. M. (2000) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/92.8.636 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Induction of p21 WAF1/CIP1 and Inhibition of Cdk2 Mediated by the Tumor Suppressor p16 INK4a
Mitra, J., Dai, C. Y., Somasundaram, K., El‐Deiry, W. S., Satyamoorthy, K., Herlyn, M., & Enders, G. H. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.19.5.3916 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Teodoridis, J. M., Strathdee, G. R., & Brown, R. E. (2004) · Drug Resistance Updates · doi:10.1016/j.drup.2004.06.005 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Apoptosis Associated with Deregulated E2F Activity Is Dependent on E2F1 and Atm/Nbs1/Chk2
Rogoff, H. A., Pickering, M., Frame, F. M., Debatis, M. E., Sánchez, Y., Jones, S. N., & Kowalik, T. F. (2004) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.24.7.2968-2977.2004 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Carr, J., Bell, E., Pearson, A. D. J., Kees, U. R., Beris, H., Lunec, J., & Tweddle, D. A. (2006) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2623 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Pogribny, I. P., Pogribna, M., Christman, J. K., & James, S. J. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes in oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas
Alonso, M. E., Bello, M. J., González‐Gómez, P., Arjona, D., Lomas, J., de Campos, J. M., Isla, A., Sarasa, J. L., & REY, J. A. (2003) · Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics · doi:10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00928-7 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Tissue-specific alternative splicing in the human INK4a/ARF cell cycle regulatory locus
Robertson, K. D., & Jones, P. A. (1999) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202737 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationPradhan, S., & Kim, G. (2002) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/21.4.779 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
E2F1 Induces Phosphorylation of p53 That Is Coincident with p53 Accumulation and Apoptosis
Rogoff, H. A., Pickering, M., Debatis, M. E., Jones, S. N., & Kowalik, T. F. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.22.15.5308-5318.2002 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Attwooll, C. L., Oddi, S., Cartwright, P., Prosperini, E., Agger, K., Steensgaard, P., Wagener, C., Sardet, C., Moroni, M. C., & Helin, K. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m412509200 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Multigene methylation analysis of Wilms' tumour and adult renal cell carcinoma
Morris, M. R., Hesson, L. B., Wagner, K. J., Morgan, N. V., Astuti, D., Lees, R. D., Cooper, W. N., Lee, J., Gentle, D., MacDonald, F., et al. (2003) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206914 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Huot, T. J., Rowe, J., Harland, M., Drayton, S., Brookes, S., Gooptu, C., Purkis, P., Fried, M., Bataille, V., Hara, E., et al. (2002) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.22.23.8135-8143.2002 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
- Authors
- Robertson, K. D., & Jones, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jones, Peter A.
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1998-11-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 6457-6473
- ISSN
- 0270-7306 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5549
- PMC
- PMC109232
- OpenAlex
- W2115290061
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 15.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (R35 CA 49758-09, R35CA049758, T32CA009320, T32 CA 09320-15)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- ARF genes, INK4a/ARF locus, CpG islands, DNA methylation, promoter silencing, p53, MDM2, Sp1 binding site, E2F1, transcriptional autoregulation, decitabine, tumor suppression, cell cycle regulation
- MeSH terms
- Base Sequence, Cell Cycle, Cell Line, Cloning, Molecular, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Transfection, Down-Regulation, Up-Regulation, Genes, Tumor Suppressor, Genes, p53, Sequence Deletion, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Genes, Reporter, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review