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Conditioned fear extinction and reinstatement in a human fear-potentiated startle paradigm
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze fear extinction and reinstatement in humans using fear-potentiated startle. Participants were fear conditioned using a simple discrimination procedure with colored lights as the conditioned stimuli (CSs) and an airblast to the throat as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Participants were extinguished 24 h after fear conditioning. Upon presentation of unsignaled USs after extinction, participants displayed significant fear reinstatement. In summary, these procedures produced robust fear-potentiated startle, significant CS+/CS− discrimination, within-session extinction, and significant reinstatement. This is the first demonstration of fear extinction and reinstatement in humans using startle measures.
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“Both shock and airpuffs evoke robust and reliable cued fear-potentiated startle (Grillon and Ameli, 1998a; Norrholm et al, 2006).”
From Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Norrholm et al, 2006
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“Alterations in fear extinction, fear inhibition, and stimulus generalization have all been reported, using fear-potentiated startle methods, in populations with trauma- and stressor-related as well as anxiety disorders [see Figure 1; (16, 29–31)].”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [30]
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Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety
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Metadata
- Authors
- Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., Vervliet, B., Myers, K. M., Davis, M., Rothbaum, B. O., & Duncan, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Learning & Memory
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2006-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 681-685
- ISSN
- 1072-0502 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5485
- PMC
- PMC3746591
- OpenAlex
- W2102103246
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 8
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Learning & Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9876754)
- Woodruff Foundation
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Emory University
- National Institutes of Health (5r24mh067314-03)
- School of Medicine, Emory University
- National Institute of Mental Health (1R24MH067314-01A1, MH 47840, R37MH047840, R24 MH067314)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fear extinction, fear reinstatement, fear-potentiated startle, fear conditioning, air blast, startle response
- MeSH terms
- Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination Learning, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Psychopharmacology, Psychophysics, Set, Psychology, Reflex, Startle
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