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Cited by 340Cosmology and Gravitation TheoriesNoncommutative and Quantum Gravity TheoriesRelativity and Gravitational Theory

Lorentz-violating vector fields slow the universe down

Open access
Carroll, Sean, Lim, Eugene·2004·Physical Review D
DOI 10.1103/physrevd.70.123525
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Abstract

We consider the gravitational effects of a single, fixed-norm, Lorentz-violating timelike vector field. In a cosmological background, such a vector field acts to rescale the effective value of Newton's constant. The energy density of this vector field precisely tracks the energy density of the rest of the universe, but with the opposite sign, so that the universe experiences a slower rate of expansion for a given matter content. This vector field similarly rescales Newton's constant in the Newtonian limit, although by a different factor. We put constraints on the parameters of the theory using the predictions of primordial nucleosynthesis, demonstrating that the norm of the vector field should be less than the Planck scale by an order of magnitude or more.

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Crossref · 10.1103/physrevd.70.123525

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  • The observational bound on the deviation from GR from the measurement of the primordial abundance of He gives a constraint that puts only mild constraints on the parameters of the theory.

    “The observational bound on the deviation from GR is provided from the measurement of the primordial abundance of He which gives (Jacobson 2008; Carroll and Lim 2004)250thus putting only mild constraints on the parameters and of the theory.”

    From Testing general relativity in cosmology (2019) · cites this paper as Carroll and Lim 2004

    Section V (p. 12) uses observational bounds on primordial helium abundance to constrain the vector-field theory, supporting the claim's account of how the bound is obtained. It does not characterize the constraints as “only mild”; it says that, for dimensionless parameters of order unity, the vector-field norm must be below 10¹⁸ GeV and Planck-scale vector fields are ruled out. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Carroll and Lim showed that a Lorentz-violating vector field theory results in a decrease in the expansion rate, a lower freeze-out temperature, a decrease in the production of primordial helium, and a lower helium-to-hydrogen mass ratio.

    “This results in a decrease in the expansion rate with consequences during the big bang nucleosynthesis and will result in weak interactions freezing-out later. This leads to a lower freeze-out temperature and a decrease in the production of the primordial and a lower -to-hydrogen mass ratio (Carroll and Lim 2004).”

    From Testing general relativity in cosmology (2019) · cites this paper as Carroll and Lim 2004

  • Carroll and Lim constrain the size of aether-model coefficients c1, c2, and c3 by comparing the effect on big bang nucleosynthesis with observed nucleosynthesis limits.

    “By comparing this effect with observed nucleosynthesis limits, Carroll and Lim are able to constrain the size of c1, c2, and c3.”

    From Modern Tests of Lorentz Invariance (2005) · cites this paper as [76]

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 33

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Related

Authors
Carroll, S., & Lim, E.
Affiliations
University of Chicago (US)
ORCID
Venue
Physical Review D
Publisher
American Physical Society (APS)
Published
2004-12
Volume
70
Issue
12
ISSN
  • 0556-2821 (ISSN-L)
  • 1550-7998
  • 1550-2368
DOI
10.1103/physrevd.70.123525
OpenAlex
W2163276989
Cited by
340
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 16
FWCI
9.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
  • CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
Keywords
Lorentz violation, timelike vector field, modified gravity, effective Newton's constant, Hubble parameter, decelerating expansion, Newtonian limit, Planck scale

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