Three-Qubit Randomized Benchmarking
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As quantum circuits increase in size, it is critical to establish scalable multiqubit fidelity metrics. Here we investigate, for the first time, three-qubit randomized benchmarking (RB) on a quantum device consisting of three fixed-frequency transmon qubits with pairwise microwave-activated interactions (cross-resonance). We measure a three-qubit error per Clifford of 0.106 for all-to-all gate connectivity and 0.207 for linear gate connectivity. Furthermore, by introducing mixed dimensionality simultaneous RB-simultaneous one- and two-qubit RB-we show that the three-qubit errors can be predicted from the one- and two-qubit errors. However, by introducing certain coherent errors to the gates, we can increase the three-qubit error to 0.302, an increase that is not predicted by a proportionate increase in the one- and two-qubit errors from simultaneous RB. This demonstrates the importance of multiqubit metrics, such as three-qubit RB, on evaluating overall device performance.
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Randomized benchmarking, state and process tomography, and gateset tomography fail to account for errors arising from interactions with spectator qubits.
“Methods such as randomized benchmarking [5], state and process tomography [6], and gateset tomography [7] are valued for measuring the performance of operations on a few qubits, yet they fail to account for errors arising from interactions with spectator qubits [8, 9].”
From Validating quantum computers using randomized model circuits (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cervera-Lierta, A., Latorre, J. I., & Goyeneche, D. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.100.022342 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Reliability Modeling of NISQ- Era Quantum Computers
Liu, J., & Zhou, H. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization · doi:10.1109/iiswc50251.2020.00018 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Arbitrary controlled-phase gate on fluxonium qubits using differential ac Stark shifts
Xiong, H., Ficheux, Q., Somoroff, A., Nguyen, L. B., Dogan, E., Rosenstock, D., Wang, C., Nesterov, K., Vavilov, M., & Manucharyan, V. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.023040 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Geometrical Formalism for Dynamically Corrected Gates in Multiqubit Systems
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Application-motivated, holistic benchmarking of a full quantum computing stack
Mills, D., Sivarajah, S., Scholten, T. L., & Duncan, R. (2021) · Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Dynamically corrected gates from geometric space curves
Barnes, E., Calderon-Vargas, F. A., Dong, W., Li, B., Zeng, J., & Zhuang, F. (2021) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ac4421 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Subspace benchmarking high-fidelity entangling operations with trapped ions
Baldwin, C. H., Bjork, B. J., Gaebler, J. P., Hayes, D., & Stack, D. (2020) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.2.013317 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Xu, X., & Ansari, M. H. (2021) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.15.064074 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Using Cryogenic CMOS Control Electronics to Enable a Two-Qubit Cross-Resonance Gate
Underwood, D., Glick, J. A., Inoue, K., Frank, D. J., Timmerwilke, J., Pritchett, E., Chakraborty, S., Tien, K., Yeck, M., Bulzacchelli, J. F., et al. (2024) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.5.010326 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Superconducting Resonators with Voltage-Controlled Frequency and Nonlinearity
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Robustness of quantum reinforcement learning under hardware errors
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Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
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Suppressing ZZ crosstalk of Quantum computers through pulse and scheduling co-optimization
Xie, L., Zhai, J., Zhang, Z., Allcock, J., Zhang, S., & Zheng, Y.-C. (2022) · International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS) · doi:10.1145/3503222.3507761 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
24 Days-Stable CNOT Gate on Fluxonium Qubits with Over 99.9% Fidelity
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Characterization of entanglement on superconducting quantum computers of up to 414 qubits
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Switchable Next-Nearest-Neighbor Coupling for Controlled Two-Qubit Operations
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Efficient noise mitigation technique for quantum computing
Shaib, A., Naim, M. H., Fouda, M. E., Kanj, R. N., & Kurdahi, F. J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30510-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Quantum computation and simulation with superconducting qubits*
He, K., Geng, X., Huang, R., Liu, J., & Chen, W. (2021) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ac16cf · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A randomized benchmarking suite for mid-circuit measurements
Govia, L. C. G., Jurcevic, P., Wood, C. J., Kanazawa, N., Merkel, S., & McKay, D. C. (2023) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ad0e19 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationQuantum circuit engineering for correcting coherent noise
Ahsan, M., Naqvi, S. A. Z., & Anwer, H. (2022) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.105.022428 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Testing Platform-Independent Quantum Error Mitigation on Noisy Quantum Computers
Russo, V., Mari, A., Shammah, N., LaRose, R., & Zeng, W. J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · doi:10.1109/tqe.2023.3305232 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Multi-mode architectures for noise-resilient superconducting qubits
Calzona, A., & Carrega, M. (2022) · Superconductor Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6668/acaa64 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Affolter, M., Ge, W., Bullock, B. B., Burd, S. C., Gilmore, K., Lilieholm, J., Carter, A. L., & Bollinger, J. J. (2023) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.107.032425 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
1.4 The Future of Computing: Bits + Neurons + Qubits
Gil, D., & Green, W. M. J. (2020) · Digest of technical papers/Digest of technical papers - IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference · doi:10.1109/isscc19947.2020.9062918 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Calibration of Drive Nonlinearity for Arbitrary-Angle Single-Qubit Gates Using Error Amplification
Lazar, S., Ficheux, Q., Herrmann, J., Remm, A., Lacroix, N., Hellings, C., Swiadek, F., Zanuz, D. C., Norris, G. J., Panah, M. B., et al. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.20.024036 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Quantum-classical eigensolver using multiscale entanglement renormalization
Miao, Q., & Barthel, T. (2023) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.5.033141 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Practical verification protocols for analog quantum simulators
Shaffer, R., Megidish, E., Broz, J., Chen, W.-T., & Häffner, H. (2021) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-021-00380-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
On the distribution of the mean energy in the unitary orbit of quantum states
Salvia, R., & Giovannetti, V. (2021) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2021-08-03-514 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Time-Dependent Hamiltonian Reconstruction Using Continuous Weak Measurements
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Mitigation of quantum crosstalk in cross-resonance-based qubit architectures
Zhao, P. (2023) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.20.054033 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hardware-aware Toffoli gate decomposition via echoed cross-resonance gates
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Practical verification protocols for analog quantum simulators
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Control System of Superconducting Quantum Computers
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Fully Scalable Randomized Benchmarking Without Motion Reversal
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Software mitigation of coherent two-qubit gate errors
Lao, L., Korotkov, A. N., Zhang, J., Mruczkiewicz, W., O’Brien, T. E., & Browne, D. E. (2022) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ac57f1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Operational, gauge-free quantum tomography
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Fast Flux Entangling Gate for Fluxonium Circuits
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Hardware-Efficient Microwave-Activated Tunable Coupling Between Superconducting Qubits
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Enabling High Performance Debugging for Variational Quantum Algorithms using Compressed Sensing
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A quantum procedure for map generation
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Low-temperature environments for quantum computation and quantum simulation*
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Operational Quantum Mereology and Minimal Scrambling
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Scalable Evaluation of Quantum-Circuit Error Loss Using Clifford Sampling
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Measuring qubit stability in a gate-based NISQ hardware processor
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Characterizing Quantum Instruments: From Nondemolition Measurements to Quantum Error Correction
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Randomized Benchmarking beyond Groups
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Linear cross-entropy benchmarking with Clifford circuits
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Hardware-efficient random circuits to classify noise in a multiqubit system
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Self-citationqprof: A gprof-Inspired Quantum Profiler
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Impact of Unreliable Devices on Stability of Quantum Computations
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A universal quantum gate set for transmon qubits with strong ZZ interactionsPreprint
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Calibrating quantum gates up to 52 qubits in a superconducting processor
Fan, D., Liu, G., Li, S., Gong, M., Wu, D., Zhang, Y., Zha, C., Chen, F., Cao, S., Ye, Y., et al. (2025) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-025-00983-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- McKay, D. C., Sheldon, S., Smolin, J. A., Chow, J. M., & Gambetta, J. M.
- Affiliations
- IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center (US)
- Venue
- Physical Review Letters
- Publisher
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Published
- 2019-05-23
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 200502-200502
- ISSN
- 0031-9007 (ISSN-L)
- 1079-7114
- OpenAlex
- W2776564547
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 10.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Physical Review Letters (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Army Research Office (W911NF-14-1-0124)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum many-body systems
- Keywords
- transmon qubits, cross-resonance gate, coherent errors
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