Arabidopsis BRANCHED1 Acts as an Integrator of Branching Signals within Axillary Buds
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Shoot branching patterns depend on a key developmental decision: whether axillary buds grow out to give a branch or whether they remain dormant in the axils of leaves. This decision is controlled by endogenous and environmental stimuli mediated by hormonal signals. Although genes involved in the long-distance signaling of this process have been identified, the genes responding inside the buds to cause growth arrest remained unknown in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we describe an Arabidopsis gene encoding a TCP transcription factor closely related to teosinte branched1 (tb1) from maize (Zea mays), BRANCHED1 (BRC1), which represents a key point at which signals controlling branching are integrated within axillary buds. BRC1 is expressed in developing buds, where it arrests bud development. BRC1 downregulation leads to branch outgrowth. BRC1 responds to developmental and environmental stimuli controlling branching and mediates the response to these stimuli. Mutant and expression analyses suggest that BRC1 is downstream of the MORE AXILLARY GROWTH pathway and that it is required for auxin-induced apical dominance. Therefore, BRC1 acts inside the buds as an integrator of signals controlling bud outgrowth and translates them into a response of cell growth arrest. The conservation of BRC1/tb1 function among distantly related angiosperm species suggests that a single ancestral mechanism of branching control integration evolved before the radiation of flowering plants.
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BRC1 expression is high in dormant rosette leaf buds and low in elongating buds.
“BRC1 expression is high in dormant rosette leaf buds and low in elongating, i.e., growing buds”
From Shaping plant architecture (2015) · cites this paper as Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007
The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF (TCP) transcription factor FC1/PsBRC1 acts as a negative regulator of shoot branching and as an integrator of multiple pathways.
“The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PCF (TCP) transcription factor FC1/PsBRC1 acts as a negative regulator of shoot branching and as an integrator of multiple pathways”
From Multiple pathways regulate shoot branching (2015) · cites this paper as Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007
In other tissues than buds, BRC1 transcript levels are very low or non-detectable.
“In other investigated tissues than buds, BRC1 transcript levels are very low or non-detectable (Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007; Finlayson, 2007), emphasizing its specific role in the regulation of bud outgrowth.”
From Shaping plant architecture (2015) · cites this paper as Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007
With respect to axillary branching, BRC1 seems to be the major regulator, while BRC2 shows comparably low expression and brc2 knockout lines exhibit weaker phenotypes compared to brc1 plants.
“With respect to axillary branching, BRC1 seems to be the major regulator, while BRC2 shows a comparably low expression and brc2 knockout lines exhibit weaker phenotypes compared to brc1 plants (Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007; Finlayson, 2007).”
From Shaping plant architecture (2015) · cites this paper as Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007
In wild type Arabidopsis less than 40% of buds grow out, while almost 100% of rosette buds elongate and form a branch in brc1 plants.
“While in wild type Arabidopsis plants less than 40% of buds grow out, almost 100% of rosette buds elongate and form a branch in brc1 plants (Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007).”
From Shaping plant architecture (2015) · cites this paper as Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007
BRC1 is localized in the nucleus.
“Aguilar-Martinez et al. (2007) expressed BRC1 as GFP fusion under the control of the constitutively and ubiquitously active 35S promoter and showed that BRC1 is localized in the nucleus.”
From Shaping plant architecture (2015) · cites this paper as Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007
BRC1 is a TB1 CYCLOIDEA PCF (TCP) type transcription factor.
“BRANCHED1 (BRC1) is a TB1 CYCLOIDEA PCF (TCP) type transcription factor (Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007; Finlayson, 2007).”
From Shaping plant architecture (2015) · cites this paper as Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007
Down-regulation of BRC1 expression in Arabidopsis max mutants indicates SLs regulate BRC1 transcriptionally.
“The down-regulation of BRC1 expression in Arabidopsis max mutants indicates that SLs regulate BRC1 transcriptionally (Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007).”
From Shaping plant architecture (2015) · cites this paper as Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007
Orthologs of TB1 and TAC1 were identified in dicots, and now key genes for genetic engineering or for use as genetic markers for classical breeding of monocot and dicot crops are available.
“However, orthologs of TB1 and TAC1 were soon also identified in dicots (Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007; Martin-Trillo et al., 2011; Braun et al., 2012; Dardick et al., 2013). Now, with this knowledge, key genes for genetic engineering or for use as genetic markers for classical breeding of monocot and dicot crops are available.”
From Shaping plant architecture (2015) · cites this paper as Aguilar-Martinez et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Aguilar-Martínez, J. A., Poza-Carrión, C., & Cubas, P.
- ORCID
- Cubas, Pilar
- Venue
- The Plant Cell
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-02-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 458-472
- ISSN
- 1040-4651 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-298X
- PMC
- PMC1867329
- OpenAlex
- W2164010802
- Cited by
- 883
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 25.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- The Plant Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Parasitism and Resistance
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Keywords
- shoot branching, axillary buds, TCP transcription factors, TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, apical dominance, auxin signaling, signal integration, Arabidopsis thaliana
- MeSH terms
- Indoleacetic Acids, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutation, Phenotype, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Transcription Factors, Signal Transduction, Genes, Plant, Arabidopsis, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Plant Leaves, Arabidopsis Proteins, Flowers
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