What drives students toward ChatGPT? An investigation of the factors influencing adoption and usage of ChatGPT
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors determining students’ attitude toward using newly emerged artificial intelligence (AI) tool, Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT), for educational and learning purpose based on technology acceptance model. Design/methodology/approach The recommended model was empirically tested with partial least squares structural equation modeling using 375 student survey responses. Findings The study revealed that students have a favorable view of the instructional use of ChatGPT. Usefulness, social presence and legitimacy of the tool, as well as enjoyment and motivation, contribute to a favorable attitude toward using this tool in a learning environment. However, perceived ease of use was not found to be a significant determinant in the adoption and utilization of ChatGPT by the students. Practical implications This research is intended to benefit enterprises, academic institutions and the global community by offering light on how students perceive the ChatGPT service in an educational setting. Furthermore, the application enhances confidence and interest among learners, leading to improved literacy and general awareness. Eventually, the outcome of this research will help AI developers to improve their product and service delivery, as well as benefit regulators in regulating the usage of AI-based bots. Originality/value Due to its novelty, the current research on AI-based ChatGPT usage in the education sector is rather restricted. This study provides the adoption aspects of ChatGPT, a new AI-based technology for students, thereby contributing significantly to the existing research on the adoption of advanced education technologies. In addition, the literature lacks research on the adoption of ChatGPT by students for educational purposes; this study addresses this gap by identifying adoption determinants of ChatGPT in education.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The adoption of new technologies is shaped by user perceptions and usage patterns as well as student characteristics and experiences.
“The adoption of new technologies is shaped by user perceptions and usage patterns (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008) as well as student characteristics and experiences (Abdaljaleel et al., 2023; Tiwari et al., 2024).”
From “ChatGPT seems too good to be true”: College students’ use and perceptions of generative AI (2024) · cites this paper as Tiwari et al., 2024
Cites
The theory of planned behavior
Ajzen, I. (1991) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t · Cited by 90,587 · see citing works
Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology
Davis, F. D. (1989) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249008 · Cited by 68,483 · see citing works
A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 · Cited by 38,459 · see citing works
User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.35.8.982 · Cited by 25,709 · see citing works
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/41410412 · Cited by 15,756 · see citing works
Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800313 · Cited by 13,287 · see citing works
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0 · Cited by 7,242 · see citing works
Using pls path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines
Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-09-2015-0382 · Cited by 7,173 · see citing works
Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y.-M., & Lauro, C. (2005) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005 · Cited by 6,312 · see citing works
(1985) · Cited by 6,185 · see citing works
Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis
Hair, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069 · Cited by 5,446 · see citing works
Davis, F. D. (1993) · International Journal of Man-Machine Studies · doi:10.1006/imms.1993.1022 · Cited by 4,754 · see citing works
Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., Slade, E. L., Jeyaraj, A., Kar, A. K., Baabdullah, A. M., Koohang, A., Raghavan, V., Ahuja, M., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642 · Cited by 4,584 · see citing works
E-commerce: the role of familiarity and trust.
Gefen, D. (2000) · Omega · doi:10.1016/s0305-0483(00)00021-9 · Cited by 3,529 · see citing works
Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT
Cotton, D. R. E., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2024) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148 · Cited by 3,087 · see citing works
Chatting and Cheating. Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT
Cotton, D., Cotton, P., & Shipway, J. R. (2023) · doi:10.35542/osf.io/mrz8h · Cited by 3,079 · see citing works
Factor Analysis as a Tool for Survey Analysis
Shrestha, N. (2021) · American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics · doi:10.12691/ajams-9-1-2 · Cited by 2,543 · see citing works
Heuristics versus statistics in discriminant validity testing: a comparison of four procedures
Franke, G. R., & Sarstedt, M. (2019) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-12-2017-0515 · Cited by 2,211 · see citing works
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (2004) · Omega · doi:10.1016/j.omega.2004.01.006 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education
Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M. A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D. T., Huang, R., & Agyemang, B. (2023) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x · Cited by 2,003 · see citing works
Peng, D. X., & Lai, F. (2012) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2012.06.002 · Cited by 1,532 · see citing works
Examining Science Education in ChatGPT: An Exploratory Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence
Cooper, G. (2023) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-023-10039-y · Cited by 1,263 · see citing works
Ethical principles for artificial intelligence in education
Nguyen, A., Ngo, H. N., Hong, Y., Dang, B., & Nguyen, B.-P. T. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11316-w · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model
Montaño, D. E., & Kasprzyk, D. (2008) · Cited by 1,219 · see citing works
Structural Equation Modeling in Marketing: Some Practical Reminders
Chin, W. W., Peterson, R. A., & Brown, S. P. (2008) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.2753/mtp1069-6679160402 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Developing and validating a service robot integration willingness scale
Lu, L., Cai, R., & Gursoy, D. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.01.005 · Cited by 1,013 · see citing works
Celik, I. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107468 · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Partial least squares structural equation modeling using SmartPLS: a software review
Sarstedt, M., & Cheah, J. (2019) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-019-00058-3 · Cited by 975 · see citing works
AI technologies for education: Recent research & future directions
Zhang, K., & Aslan, A. B. (2021) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100025 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Effect of trust on customer acceptance of Internet banking
Suh, B., & Han, I. (2002) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/s1567-4223(02)00017-0 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Szymkowiak, A., Melović, B., Dabić, M., Jeganathan, K., & Kundi, G. S. (2021) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101565 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance: The TRAM model
Lin, C., Shih, H., & Sher, P. J.-H. (2007) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20177 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in FinTech: understanding robo-advisors adoption among customers
Belanche, D., Casaló, L. V., & Flavián, C. (2019) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-08-2018-0368 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Perkins, M. (2023) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/1.20.02.07 · Cited by 839 · see citing works
Service robot implementation: a theoretical framework and research agenda
Belanche, D., Casaló, L. V., Flavián, C., & Schepers, J. (2019) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2019.1672666 · Cited by 759 · see citing works
A model of trust in online relationship banking
Mukherjee, A., & Nath, P. (2003) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652320310457767 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
de Kervenoael, R., Hasan, R., Schwob, A., & Goh, E. (2019) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104042 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Fernandes, T., & Oliveira, E. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.058 · Cited by 630 · see citing works
Evaluation of learners’ attitude toward learning in ARIES augmented reality environments
Wojciechowski, R., & Cellary, W. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.014 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
A Conversation on Artificial Intelligence, Chatbots, and Plagiarism in Higher Education
King, M. R., & chatGPT (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering · doi:10.1007/s12195-022-00754-8 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
The rise of <scp>ChatGPT</scp> : Exploring its potential in medical education
Lee, H. (2024) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2270 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Liengaard, B. D., Sharma, P. N., Hult, G. T. M., Jensen, M. B., Sarstedt, M., Hair, J. F., & Ringle, C. M. (2020) · Decision Sciences · doi:10.1111/deci.12445 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
de Luna, I. R., Liébana-Cabanillas, F. J., Sánchez‐Fernández, J., & Muñoz‐Leiva, F. (2018) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.09.018 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Predicting the determinants of mobile payment acceptance: A hybrid SEM-neural network approach
Liébana-Cabanillas, F. J., Marinković, V., de Luna, I. R., & Kalinić, Z. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.12.015 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Control interactions in the theory of planned behavior: Rethinking the role of subjective norm
Barbera, F. L., & Ajzen, I. (2020) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v16i3.2056 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Consumer attitude and the usage and adoption of home‐based banking in the United Kingdom
Howcroft, B., Hamilton, R., & Hewer, P. (2002) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652320210424205 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Trust in humanoid robots: implications for services marketing
van Pinxteren, M. M. E., Wetzels, R. W. H., Rüger, J., Pluymaekers, M., & Wetzels, M. G. M. (2019) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-01-2018-0045 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Chattaraman, V., Kwon, W.-S., Gilbert, J. E., & Ross, K. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.048 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Min, S., So, K. K. F., & Jeong, M. (2019) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2018.1507866 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Partel, V., Kakarla, S. C., & Ampatzidis, Y. G. (2019) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2018.12.048 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
How perceived trust mediates merchant's intention to use a mobile wallet technology
Singh, N., & Sinha, N. (2019) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101894 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Shroff, R. H., Deneen, C. C., & Ng, E. M. W. (2011) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.940 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Internet banking acceptance model: Cross-market examination
Alsajjan, B., & Dennis, C. (2009) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.12.014 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Chocarro, R., Cortiñas, M., & Marcos-Matás, G. (2023) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2020.1850426 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Hamid, A. A., Razak, F. Z. A., Bakar, A. A., & Abdullah, W. S. W. (2016) · Procedia Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(16)00079-4 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Chi, O. H., Jia, S., Li, Y., & Gürsoy, D. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106700 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Consumer attitude and behavioural intention towards Internet banking adoption in India
Bashir, I., & Madhavaiah, C. (2015) · Journal of Indian Business Research · doi:10.1108/jibr-02-2014-0013 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Shen, S., Xu, K., Sotiriadis, M. D., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport & Tourism Education · doi:10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100373 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Multi-dimensional role of trust in Internet banking adoption
Yousafzai, S., Pallister, J., & Foxall, G. R. (2009) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642060902719958 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
The impact of fraud prevention on bank‐customer relationships
Hoffmann, A. O. I., & Birnbrich, C. (2012) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652321211247435 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Exploring the integration of ChatGPT in education: adapting for the future
Elbanna, S., & Armstrong, L. (2024) · Management & Sustainability: An Arab Review · doi:10.1108/msar-03-2023-0016 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Mishra, A. A., Shukla, A., & Sharma, S. K. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102413 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
The Characterization of the Millennials and Their Buying Behavior
Moreno, F. M., Gil-Lafuente, J., Carreón, F. Á., & Moreno, S. M. (2017) · International Journal of Marketing Studies · doi:10.5539/ijms.v9n5p135 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Song, H. J., Ruan, W. J., & Jeon, Y. J. J. (2021) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102943 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
What determines Turkish customers' acceptance of internet banking?
Çelik, H. E. (2008) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652320810894406 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Baabdullah, A. M. (2018) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.01.004 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Giovanis, A. N., Μπινιώρης, Σ., & Polychronopoulos, G. (2012) · EuroMed Journal of Business · doi:10.1108/14502191211225365 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Balakrishnan, J., Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., & Boy, F. (2021) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10203-y · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Consumer adoption of m-banking: a behavioral reasoning theory perspective
Gupta, A., & Arora, N. (2017) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-11-2016-0162 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence (AI) and management analytics
Haenlein, M., Kaplan, A., Tan, C., & Zhang, P. (2019) · Journal of Management Analytics · doi:10.1080/23270012.2019.1699876 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Students' adoption of AI-based teacher-bots (T-bots) for learning in higher education
Pillai, R., Sivathanu, B., Metri, B., & Kaushik, N. (2024) · Information Technology & People · doi:10.1108/itp-02-2021-0152 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Heuristics for Sample Size Determination in Multivariate Statistical TechniquesPreprint
Siddiqui, K. A. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Lim, J. S., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101965 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Gong, L., & Nass, C. (2007) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00295.x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Abbasi, G. A., Sandran, T., Ganesan, Y., & Iranmanesh, M. (2022) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101937 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Kim, J., Merrill, K., Xu, K., & Kelly, S. E. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107383 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Understanding the determinants of e-wallet continuance usage intention in Malaysia
Abdul-Halim, N.-A., Vafaei-Zadeh, A., Hanifah, H., Teoh, A. P., & Nawaser, K. (2022) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-021-01276-7 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Utilitarian and/or hedonic shopping – consumer motivation to purchase in smart stores
Chang, Y., Hsu, P., Chen, J., Shiau, W., & Xu, N. (2023) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-04-2022-0250 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Determinants of adoption intention of battery swap technology for electric vehicles
Adu‐Gyamfi, G., Song, H., Nketiah, E., Obuobi, B., Adjei, M., & Cudjoe, D. (2022) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.123862 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Sahoo, D., Harichandan, S., Kar, S. K., & Sreejesh, S. (2022) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112941 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Islamic marketing and consumer behavior toward halal food purchase in Bangladesh
Ashraf, M. (2019) · Journal of Islamic marketing · doi:10.1108/jima-03-2018-0051 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in sport management education: Playing the AI game with ChatGPT
Keiper, M. C., Fried, G. B., Lupinek, J. M., & Nordstrom, H. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport & Tourism Education · doi:10.1016/j.jhlste.2023.100456 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
MarkBot – A Language Model-Driven Chatbot for Interactive Marketing in Post-Modern World
Kushwaha, A. K., & Kar, A. (2021) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10184-y · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Modelling driver acceptance of driver support systems
Rahman, M. M., Strawderman, L. J., Lesch, M. F., Horrey, W. J., Babski-Reeves, K. L., & Garrison, T. M. (2018) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.08.028 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Ali, F., Hussain, K., Konar, R., & Jeon, H.-M. (2016) · Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/1528008x.2016.1230037 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test
Shaked, D., Faulkner, L. M. D., Tolle, K. A., Wendell, C. R., Waldstein, S. R., & Spencer, R. J. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2019.1570199 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Clayson, P. E. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13583 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Liang, C., & Shiau, W. (2018) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2018.1528290 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Chong, A. Y., Chan, F. T. S., Goh, M., & Tiwari, M. K. (2012) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2012.701776 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Chatbots in the frontline: drivers of acceptance
Aslam, W., Siddiqui, D. A., Arif, I., & Farhat, K. (2022) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-11-2021-1119 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Khan, S. T., Bhat, M. A., & Sangmi, M.-U.-D. (2020) · FIIB Business Review · doi:10.1177/2319714520972905 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., & Chen, H. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.018 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Fine-grained Cross-modal Alignment Network for Text-Video Retrieval
Han, N., Chen, J., Xiao, G., Zhang, H., YaWen, Z., & Chen, H. (2021) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3474085.3475241 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sharma, G., & Thakur, A. (2023) · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-qgs3k · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Acceptance of visual and audio interventions for distracted pedestrians
Larue, G. S., & Watling, C. N. (2020) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2020.12.001 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Oravec, J. A. (2018) · Ethics and Social Welfare · doi:10.1080/17496535.2018.1512142 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Explaining artificial intelligence with visual analytics in healthcare
Ooge, J., Štiglic, G., & Verbert, K. (2021) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1002/widm.1427 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bhat, M. A., Khan, S. T., & Rainayee, R. A. (2021) · PSU Research Review · doi:10.1108/prr-05-2020-0017 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationAli, M., Wood‐Harper, T., & Bob Wood, B. (2023) · Systems Research and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/sres.2945 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bhat, M. A., & Khan, S. T. (2023) · Management & Sustainability An Arab Review · doi:10.1108/msar-09-2022-0043 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating the importance of social presence on intentions to adopt an AI romantic partner
Kim, J., Merrill, K., & Collins, C. (2023) · Communication Research Reports · doi:10.1080/08824096.2022.2159800 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chang, C., Hsu, C.-Y., & Chen, M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14010341 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Warsono, H., Yuwono, T., & Putranti, I. R. (2022) · International Journal of Data and Network Science · doi:10.5267/j.ijdns.2022.12.008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kabra, G., Ghosh, V., & Joshi, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Business Information Systems · doi:10.1504/ijbis.2023.128301 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Antecedents of Savings Behaviour Among Rural Households: A Holistic Approach
Bhat, M. A., Gomero, G. D., & Khan, S. T. (2022) · FIIB Business Review · doi:10.1177/23197145221110281 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of bounded rationality theory to understand participation of women in Islamic microfinance
Ashraf, M. (2018) · Enterprise Development and Microfinance · doi:10.3362/1755-1986.18-00005 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Auto Response Generation in Online Medical Chat Services
Jahanshahi, H., Kazmi, S., & Çevik, M. (2022) · Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research · doi:10.1007/s41666-022-00118-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Using Artificial Intelligence in Company Management
Vrbka, J., & Rowland, Z. (2019) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27015-5_51 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
E-Learning Adoption; How Is Students Behavior During The Covid-19 Pandemic?
Sehabuddin, A., & Oktarina, N. (2022) · Dinamika Pendidikan · doi:10.15294/dp.v17i1.34367 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Perspective Chapter: The Learning Management System of 2028 and How We Start Planning for This Now
Sankey, M., & Marshall, S. J. (2023) · Education and human development · doi:10.5772/intechopen.110120 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Influence of ChatGPT on Student Engagement: A Systematic Review and Future Research Agenda
Lo, C. K., Hew, K. F., & Jong, M. S.-Y. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105100 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
A multinational study on the factors influencing university students’ attitudes and usage of ChatGPT
Abdaljaleel, M., Barakat, M. M., Alsanafi, M., Salim, N. A., Abazid, H., Malaeb, D. N., Mohammed, A. H., Hassan, B. A. R., Wayyes, A. M., Farhan, S. S., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52549-8 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Higher education students’ perceptions of ChatGPT: A global study of early reactions
Ravšelj, D., Keržič, D., Tomaževič, N., Umek, L., Brezovar, N., A. Iahad, N., Abdulla, A. A., Akopyan, A., Aldana Segura, M. W., AlHumaid, J., et al. (2025) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315011 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Generative <scp>AI</scp> in education and research: A systematic mapping review
Yusuf, A., Pervin, N., Román‐González, M., & Noor, N. M. (2024) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3489 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“ChatGPT seems too good to be true”: College students’ use and perceptions of generative AI
Baek, C., Tate, T., & Warschauer, M. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100294 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Exploring the impact of ChatGPT on education: A web mining and machine learning approach
Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Appolloni, A., Treiblmaier, H., & Iranmanesh, M. (2024) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100932 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Evaluating the impact of students' generative AI use in educational contexts
Wood, D., & Moss, S. (2024) · Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning · doi:10.1108/jrit-06-2024-0151 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Examining students’ intention to use ChatGPT: Does trust matter?
Rahman, M. S., Sabbir, M. M., Zhang, D. J., Moral, I. H., & Hossain, G. M. S. (2023) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.8956 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Mustofa, R. H., Kuncoro, T. G., Atmono, D., Hermawan, H. D., & Sukirman, S. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100379 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Alshammarı, S. H., & Babu, E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91634-4 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Examining Students’ Acceptance and Use of ChatGPT in Saudi Arabian Higher Education
Sobaih, A. E. E., Elshaer, I. A., & Hasanein, A. M. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14030047 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Barnes, E., & Hutson, J. (2024) · Forum for education studies. · doi:10.59400/fes.v2i2.1229 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bhat, M. A., Tiwari, C. K., Bhaskar, P., & Khan, S. T. (2024) · Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society · doi:10.1108/jices-03-2024-0033 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationBalaskas, S., Tsiantos, V., Chatzifotiou, S., & Rigou, M. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16020082 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Ali, I., Warraich, N. F., & Butt, K. (2024) · Information Development · doi:10.1177/02666669241257206 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Oc, Y., Gonsalves, C., & Quamina, L. T. (2024) · Journal of Marketing Education · doi:10.1177/02734753241302459 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Saihi, A., Ben-Daya, M., Hariga, M., & As'ad, R. (2024) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100274 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Soliman, M., Ali, R. A., Khalid, J., Mahmud, I., & Ali, W. B. (2024) · Journal of Computers in Education · doi:10.1007/s40692-024-00333-y · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Salih, S., Husain, O., Hamdan, M., Abdelsalam, S., Elshafie, H., & Motwakel, A. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103837 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Annamalai, N., Bervell, B., Mireku, D. O., & Andoh, R. P. K. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100346 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Perceptions of Higher Education Students towards ChatGPT Usage
Das, S. R., & Madhusudan, J. V. (2024) · International Journal of Technology in Education · doi:10.46328/ijte.583 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Elshaer, I. A., Hasanein, A. M., & Sobaih, A. E. E. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14070132 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Yakubu, M. N., David, N., & Abubakar, N. H. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13441-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Zou, B., Wang, C., Yan, Y., Du, X., & Ji, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1111/ijal.12658 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gulati, A., Saini, H., Singh, S., & Kumar, V. (2024) · Marketing Education Review · doi:10.1080/10528008.2023.2300139 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Al-Qaysi, N., Al‐Emran, M., Al-Sharafi, M. A., Iranmanesh, M., Ahmad, A., & Mahmoud, M. A. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2361210 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ursavaş, Ö. F., Yalçın, Y., İslamoğlu, H., Bakır-Yalçın, E., & Cukurova, M. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00535-z · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Chen, J., Zhuo, Z., & Lin, J. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152416928 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Abdalla, A. A., Bhat, M. A., Tiwari, C. K., Khan, S. T., & Wedajo, A. D. (2024) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100257 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, H., Kim, S., Hailu, T. B., Al‐Ansi, A., Loureiro, S. M. C., & Kim, J. J. (2024) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-07-2023-1072 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
ChatGPT in Medical Education: A Precursor for Automation Bias?
Nguyen, T. (2023) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/50174 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Analyzing student prompts and their effect on ChatGPT’s performance
Sawalha, G., Taj, I., & Shoufan, A. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2397200 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Faruk, L. I. D., Rohan, R., Ninrutsirikun, U., & Pal, D. (2023) · doi:10.1145/3628454.3629552 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
AI-Powered E-Learning for Lifelong Learners: Impact on Performance and Knowledge Application
Ahn, H. Y. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16209066 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Saihi, A., Ben‐Daya, M., & Hariga, M. A. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13023-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Foroughi, B., Naghmeh‐Abbaspour, B., Wen, J., Ghobakhloo, M., Al‐Emran, M., & Al-Sharafi, M. A. (2025) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.4186 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Bhaskar, P., Misra, P., & Chopra, G. (2024) · International Journal of Information and Learning Technology · doi:10.1108/ijilt-11-2023-0220 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Fan, P., & Jiang, Q.-L. (2024) · Syst. · doi:10.3390/systems12030068 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Demir, S., & Uşak, M. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251345950 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Pasupuleti, R. S., & Thiyyagura, D. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12573-7 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Perceptions of ChatGPT in healthcare: usefulness, trust, and risk
Chen, S., Kuo, H.-Y., & Chang, S.-H. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1457131 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Amin, M. A., Kim, Y. S., & Noh, M. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13095-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Holland, A., & Ciachir, C. (2024) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2024.2350655 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
ChatGPT in Academia: University Students’ Attitudes Towards the use of ChatGPT and Plagiarism
Fajt, B., & Schiller, E. (2025) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-025-09603-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Al‐Emran, M., Abu-Hijleh, B., & Alsewari, A. A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2024.3454169 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Factors Affecting the Adoption and Use of ChatGPT in Higher Education
Alshammarı, S. H., & Alshammari, M. H. (2024) · International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education · doi:10.4018/ijicte.339557 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Duong, C. D., Vu, T. N., Ngo, T. V. N., Do, N. D., & Tran, N. M. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2356361 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Kleine, A., Schaffernak, I., & Lermer, E. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100113 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
ChatGPT as an educational resource for accounting students: expanding the classical TAM model
Al-Okaily, M. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies : Official Journal of the IFIP technical committee on Education · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13391-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Wang, Q., & Lei, J. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15081040 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Duong, C. D., Nguyen, T. H., Ngo, T. V. N., Dao, V. T., Do, N. D., & Pham, T. V. (2024) · International Journal of Information and Learning Technology · doi:10.1108/ijilt-01-2024-0006 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Exploring the ethical use of LLM chatbots in higher education
Mvondo, G. F. N., Niu, B., & Eivazinezhad, S. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115575 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Duong, C. D. (2024) · Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning · doi:10.1108/jrit-01-2024-0006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Tan, C. N.-L., Tee, M., & Koay, K. Y. (2024) · Asian Education and Development Studies · doi:10.1108/aeds-04-2024-0096 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bhat, M. A., Khan, S. T., Alkhwaldi, A. F., & Abdulmuhsin, A. A. (2025) · The TQM Journal · doi:10.1108/tqm-07-2024-0232 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationBubaš, G., Čižmešija, A., & Kovačić, A. (2023) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi16010004 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Who uses it and for what purpose? The role of digital literacy in ChatGPT adoption and utilisation
Moravec, V., Hynek, N., Gavurová, B., & Rigelský, M. (2024) · Journal of Innovation & Knowledge · doi:10.1016/j.jik.2024.100602 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Technology Acceptance Model in Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Meta-Analysis
Xue, L., Mahat, J., & Ghazali, N. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251409441 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Liu, T., Qi, J., Gan, Y., Cheng, Q., Xiao, M., & Wang, J. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.16655 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Uludağ, F., Kılıç, E., & Çelik, H. E. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05641-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Attitude and utilization of ChatGPT among registered nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Lin, H., Liao, L., Wang, Y., & Chang, L. (2024) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.13012 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
University Educators Perspectives on ChatGPT: A Technology Acceptance Model-Based Study
Barakat, M. M., Salim, N. A., & Sallam, M. (2025) · Open Praxis · doi:10.55982/openpraxis.17.1.718 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mustapha, K. B., Mustapha, K. B., Yap, E. H., & Abakr, Y. A. (2024) · Interactive Technology and Smart Education · doi:10.1108/itse-10-2023-0198 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mun, I. B., & Hwang, K.-H. (2024) · Information Development · doi:10.1177/02666669241307595 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of User Attitudes Toward GenAI: Influencing Factors and Industry Perspectives
Chen, J., Wei, X., Xie, Q., Hu, A., Qiao, Y., Wan, R., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence13070078 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Durgungöz, A., & Kharrufa, A. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2509276 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Jung, Y. M., & Jo, H. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136082 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
How can ChatGPT assist hospitality and tourism education?
Zhang, K., Li, X., Ye, H., Lin, K. J., Chen, S., & Law, R. (2024) · Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism · doi:10.1080/15313220.2024.2384743 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
ChatGPT Goes to College: Exploring Student Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in the Classroom
Cavazos, J. T., Hauck, K. A., Baskin, H. M., & Bain, C. M. (2024) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00986283241268829 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Solórzano, S. S. S., Romero, J. P., Díaz-Cueva, J. G., Montero, J. E. A., Campoverde, M. A. Z., Valarezo, M. M. L., Ninaquispe, J. C. M., Acosta-Enriquez, B. G., & Ballesteros, M. A. A. (2024) · Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1186/s13731-024-00412-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mun, I. B. (2024) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-01-2024-0051 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ramaiah, T. S., Pasupuleti, R. S., Chebolu, R. M., Banala, T. V., & Thiyyagura, D. (2024) · Journal of Computers in Education · doi:10.1007/s40692-024-00343-w · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zhu, Z., Ren, Y., & Shen, A. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13551-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sharma, A., & Rathore, B. (2024) · Journal of Decision Systems · doi:10.1080/12460125.2024.2410030 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Opportunities and Challenges of Chatbots in Ophthalmology: A Narrative Review
Sabaner, M. C., Anguita, R., Antaki, F., Balas, M., Boberg‐Ans, L. C., Desideri, L. F., Grauslund, J., Hansen, M. S., Klefter, O. N., Potapenko, I. O., et al. (2024) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm14121165 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Anthis, J. R., Pauketat, J. V. T., Ladak, A., & Manoli, A. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713329 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chang, Y., Silalahi, A. D. K., & Lee, K.-Y. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2381930 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Abdi, A.-N. M., Omar, A. M., Ahmed, M. H., & Ahmed, A. A. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2460250 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
To adopt or to ban? Student perceptions and use of generative AI in higher education
Farinosi, M., & Melchior, C. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05982-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lessons from Using ChatGPT in Calculus: Insights from Two Contrasting Cases
Zhuang, Y.-L. (2025) · Journal of Formative Design in Learning · doi:10.1007/s41686-025-00098-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
ChatGPT early usage among students: A global evidence of determinants
Amoah, A., Asiama, R. K., & Kwablah, E. (2025) · Development and sustainability in economics and finance. · doi:10.1016/j.dsef.2025.100065 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Liu, Z., & Zhang, W. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65226-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Privacy fatigue and its effects on ChatGPT acceptance among undergraduate students: is privacy dead?
Chung, J., & Kwon, H.-Y. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13198-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Obreja, D. M., Rughinis, R. V., & Rosner, D. E. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100576 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
One year in the classroom with ChatGPT: empirical insights and transformative impacts
Guo, F., Li, T., & Cunningham, C. J. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1574477 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Savari, M., Amghani, M. S., & Malekian, A. (2025) · Cleaner Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.clet.2025.101094 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Huangfu, J., Li, R., Xu, J., & Pan, Y. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17010144 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Li, Y., Castulo, N. J., & Xu, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1505856 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Khizar, H. M. U., Ashraf, A., Yuan, J., & Al‐Waqfi, M. A. (2025) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124047 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gong, Y., Xu, C., Luo, S., & Lin, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-03298-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cao, Z., & Peng, L. (2024) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/01655515241297329 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Generative AI acceptance among future educators: personality and behavioral insights
Hamzaj, Y. A. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13678-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bernuy, J. B. V., Nolasco-Mamani, M. A., Rodríguez, N. C. V., Quelopana, R. L. G., Valdivia, A. N. M., & Vidaurre, S. M. E. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17188329 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Discursively negotiating AI: A social representation theory approach to LLM-based chatbots
Mangiò, F., Pedeliento, G., Wassler, P., & Williams, N. (2025) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124352 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ethics and AI in Higher Education: A Study on Students’ Perceptions
da Silva, M., Ferro, M., Mourão, É., Seixas, E. F. R., Viterbo, J., & Salgado, L. C. D. C. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54235-0_14 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Verma, S. R., Kashive, N., & Gupta, A. K. (2025) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-07-2024-0564 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ringo, D. S. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2475268 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Awareness, perception, and adoption of ChatGPT in African HEIs: A multi-dimensional analysis
Ojubanire, O. A., Olaleye, S. A., Marhraoui, M. A., Kamihanda, M. W., Oke, O. I., & Ojubanire, O. A. (2025) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.100999 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nguyen, M., Mehrotra, A., Malik, A., & Pandey, R. (2025) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-08-2024-0452 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The use and usefulness of GenAI in higher education: Student experience and perspectives
Chung, J., Henderson, M., Slade, C., Liang, Y., Pepperell, N., Corbin, T., Walton, J., Yu, S., Bearman, M., Shum, S. B., et al. (2026) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2026.100347 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tiwari, C. K., Bhat, M. A., Khan, S. T., Subramaniam, R., & Khan, M. A. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Muscat (OM)
- German University of Technology (OM)
- Venue
- Interactive Technology and Smart Education
- Publisher
- Emerald
- Published
- 2023-08-29
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 333-355
- ISSN
- 1741-5659 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4386178880
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 9
- FWCI
- 73.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Interactive Technology and Smart Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Keywords
- ChatGPT, generative AI in education, student attitudes, technology acceptance, technology adoption, perceived usefulness, social presence, perceived legitimacy, enjoyment, motivation, perceived ease of use
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review