A survey on digital twins: architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and future prospects

Digital twin: Enabling technologies, challenges and open research

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The information bottleneck method

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A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Toward Medical XAI

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A Comprehensive Survey of Multiagent Reinforcement Learning

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A Survey on Metaverse: Fundamentals, Security, and Privacy

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A survey on digital twin: definitions, characteristics, applications, and design implications

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Digital Twins: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Challenges, Trends and Future Prospects

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Meta-Learning in Neural Networks: A Survey

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Digital Twin Networks: A Survey

Wu, Y., Zhang, K., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3079510 · Cited by 847 · see citing works

Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models

Minerva, R., Lee, G. M., & Crespi, N. (2020) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.2998530 · Cited by 812 · cited 2× · see citing works

Beyond Transmitting Bits: Context, Semantics, and Task-Oriented Communications

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Stealing Machine Learning Models via Prediction APIs

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Semantic Communications for Future Internet: Fundamentals, Applications, and Challenges

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Optimized Computation Offloading Performance in Virtual Edge Computing Systems Via Deep Reinforcement Learning

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Membership Inference Attacks on Machine Learning: A Survey

Hu, H., Salcic, Z. A., Sun, L., Dobbie, G., Yu, P. S., & Zhang, X. (2022) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3523273 · Cited by 586 · see citing works

Low-Latency Federated Learning and Blockchain for Edge Association in Digital Twin Empowered 6G Networks

Lu, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, K., Maharjan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3017668 · Cited by 500 · see citing works

A Lite Distributed Semantic Communication System for Internet of Things

Xie, H., & Qin, Z. (2021) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2020.3036968 · Cited by 497 · see citing works

Task-Oriented Multi-User Semantic Communications

Xie, H., Qin, Z., Tao, X., & Letaief, K. B. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3191326 · Cited by 463 · see citing works

Ekiden: A Platform for Confidentiality-Preserving, Trustworthy, and Performant Smart Contracts

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From Semantic Communication to Semantic-Aware Networking: Model, Architecture, and Open Problems

Shi, G., Xiao, Y., Li, Y., & Xie, X. (2021) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.001.2001239 · Cited by 407 · see citing works

Reducing Offloading Latency for Digital Twin Edge Networks in 6G

Sun, W. Y., Zhang, H., Wang, R., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3018817 · Cited by 375 · see citing works

Digital Twin: A Comprehensive Survey of Security Threats

Alcaraz, C., & López, J. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3171465 · Cited by 364 · see citing works

Digital Twin of Wireless Systems: Overview, Taxonomy, Challenges, and Opportunities

Khan, L. U., Han, Z., Saad, W., Hossain, E., Guizani, M., & Hong, C. S. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3198273 · Cited by 340 · see citing works

Intelligent Small Object Detection for Digital Twin in Smart Manufacturing With Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

Zhou, X., Xu, X., Liang, W., Zeng, Z., Shimizu, S., Yang, L. T., & Jin, Q. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3061419 · Cited by 313 · see citing works

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Stochastic Computation Offloading in Digital Twin Networks

Dai, Y., Zhang, K., Maharjan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3016320 · Cited by 298 · see citing works

A Digital Twin Based Industrial Automation and Control System Security Architecture

Gehrmann, C., & Gunnarsson, M. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2938885 · Cited by 291 · see citing works

Communication-Efficient Federated Learning and Permissioned Blockchain for Digital Twin Edge Networks

Lu, Y., Huang, X., Zhang, K., Maharjan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3015772 · Cited by 285 · see citing works

Security, Privacy, and Access Control in Information-Centric Networking: A Survey

Tourani, R., Misra, S., Mick, T., & Panwar, G. (2017) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2017.2749508 · Cited by 284 · see citing works

Adaptive Federated Learning and Digital Twin for Industrial Internet of Things

Sun, W., Lei, S.-Y., Wang, L., Liu, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3034674 · Cited by 279 · see citing works

A Comprehensive Survey on Poisoning Attacks and Countermeasures in Machine Learning

Tian, Z., Cui, L., Liang, J., & Yu, S. (2022) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3551636 · Cited by 277 · see citing works

Adaptive Edge Association for Wireless Digital Twin Networks in 6G

Lu, Y., Maharjan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3098508 · Cited by 265 · see citing works

LVBS: Lightweight Vehicular Blockchain for Secure Data Sharing in Disaster Rescue

Su, Z., Wang, Y., Xu, Q., & Zhang, N. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · doi:10.1109/tdsc.2020.2980255 · Cited by 247 · see citing works

On the Implementation of IoT-Based Digital Twin for Networked Microgrids Resiliency Against Cyber Attacks

Saad, A., Faddel, S., Youssef, T. A., & Mohammed, O. A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2020.3000958 · Cited by 242 · see citing works

SecuredTrust: A Dynamic Trust Computation Model for Secured Communication in Multiagent Systems

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BSIS: Blockchain-Based Secure Incentive Scheme for Energy Delivery in Vehicular Energy Network

Wang, Y., Su, Z., & Zhang, N. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2908497 · Cited by 218 · see citing works

A Methodology for Digital Twin Modeling and Deployment for Industry 4.0

Schroeder, G. N., Steinmetz, C., Rodrigues, R. N., Henriques, R. V. B., Rettberg, A., & Pereira, C. E. (2021) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.3032444 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Blockchain-Empowered Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks: Opportunities, Challenges, and Solutions

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Ni, J., Zhang, N., & Shen, X. (2021) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2021.3131711 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Task-Oriented Communication for Multidevice Cooperative Edge Inference

Shao, J., Mao, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2022.3191118 · Cited by 209 · see citing works

Deep Learning for Security in Digital Twins of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems

Lv, Z., Li, Y., Feng, H., & Lv, H. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3113779 · Cited by 194 · see citing works

A Blockchain-Based Approach for the Creation of Digital Twins

Hasan, H. R., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R., Omar, M., Yaqoob, I., Pešić, S., Taylor, T., & Boscovic, D. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2974810 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

Collaborative city digital twin for the COVID-19 pandemic: A federated learning solution

Pang, J., Huang, Y., Xie, Z., Li, J., & Cai, Z. (2021) · Tsinghua Science and Technology · doi:10.26599/tst.2021.9010026 · Cited by 186 · see citing works

Digital Twin Analysis to Promote Safety and Security in Autonomous Vehicles

Almeaibed, S., Al–Rubaye, S., Tsourdos, A., & Avdelidis, N. P. (2021) · IEEE Communications Standards Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcomstd.011.2100004 · Cited by 183 · see citing works

The Age of Information in Multihop Networks

Bedewy, A. M. L., Sun, Y. J., & Shroff, N. B. (2019) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2019.2915521 · Cited by 178 · see citing works

Dynamic Digital Twin and Federated Learning With Incentives for Air-Ground Networks

Sun, W. Y., Xu, N., Wang, L., Zhang, H., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2020.3048137 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Empowering 6G Communication Systems With Digital Twin Technology: A Comprehensive Survey

Kuruvatti, N. P., Habibi, M. A., Partani, S., Han, B., Fellan, A., & Schotten, H. D. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3215493 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Secure and latency-aware digital twin assisted resource scheduling for 5G edge computing-empowered distribution grids

Zhou, Z., Jia, Z., Liao, H., Lu, W., Mumtaz, S., Guizani, M., & Tariq, M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3137349 · Cited by 169 · see citing works

Roads Infrastructure Digital Twin: A Step Toward Smarter Cities Realization

Marai, O. E., Taleb, T., & Song, J. (2020) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.011.2000398 · Cited by 167 · see citing works

Survey on Digital Twin Edge Networks (DITEN) Toward 6G

Tang, F., Chen, X., Rodrigues, T. K., Zhao, M., & Kato, N. (2022) · IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society · doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3197811 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

SPDS: A Secure and Auditable Private Data Sharing Scheme for Smart Grid Based on Blockchain

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Zhang, N., Chen, J., Sun, X. H., Ye, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3040171 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

Trustworthy digital twins in the industrial internet of things with blockchain

Suhail, S., Hussain, R., Jurdak, R., & Hong, C. S. (2022) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2021.3059320 · Cited by 154 · see citing works

Computation Offloading in Beyond 5G Networks: A Distributed Learning Framework and Applications

Chen, X., Wu, C., Liu, Z., Zhang, N., & Ji, Y. (2021) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2000296 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

Application-Driven Network-Aware Digital Twin Management in Industrial Edge Environments

Bellavista, P., Giannelli, C., Mamei, M., Mendula, M., & Picone, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3067447 · Cited by 141 · see citing works

Manufacturing Blockchain of Things for the Configuration of a Data- and Knowledge-Driven Digital Twin Manufacturing Cell

Zhang, C., Zhou, G., Li, H., & Cao, Y. (2020) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2020.3005729 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

A Secure and Intelligent Data Sharing Scheme for UAV-Assisted Disaster Rescue

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Xu, Q., Li, R., Luan, T. H., & Wang, P. (2023) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2022.3226458 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Blockchain-Enabled Service Optimizations in Supply Chain Digital Twin

Gai, K., Zhang, Y., Meikang Qiu, A., & Thuraisingham, B. M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Services Computing · doi:10.1109/tsc.2022.3192166 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

Task Offloading for Post-Disaster Rescue in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Networks

Wang, Y., Chen, W., Luan, T. H., Su, Z., Xu, Q., Li, R., & Chen, N. (2022) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2022.3140796 · Cited by 136 · see citing works

ANGEL: An Intelligent Digital Twin Framework for Microgrid Security

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URLLC Edge Networks With Joint Optimal User Association, Task Offloading and Resource Allocation: A Digital Twin Approach

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Cooperative Ramp Merging Design and Field Implementation: A Digital Twin Approach Based on Vehicle-to-Cloud Communication

Liao, X., Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Han, K., Tiwari, P., Barth, M., & Wu, G. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2020.3045123 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Cyber Resilience in Healthcare Digital Twin on Lung Cancer

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Blockchain-Based Secure Communication of Intelligent Transportation Digital Twins System

Liu, J., Zhang, L., Li, C., Bai, J., Lv, H., & Lv, Z. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2022.3183379 · Cited by 114 · see citing works

Eluding Secure Aggregation in Federated Learning via Model Inconsistency

Pasquini, D., Francati, D., & Ateniese, G. (2022) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/3548606.3560557 · Cited by 112 · see citing works

Digital Twin for Networking: A Data-Driven Performance Modeling Perspective

Hui, L., Wang, M., Zhang, L., Lu, L., & Cui, Y. (2022) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.119.2200080 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Digital Twin Consensus for Blockchain-Enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems in Smart Cities

Liao, S., Wu, J., Bashir, A. K., Yang, W., Li, J., & Tariq, U. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3134002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Cooperative Federated Learning and Model Update Verification in Blockchain-Empowered Digital Twin Edge Networks

Jiang, L., Zheng, H., Tian, H., Xie, S., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3126207 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Robust Semantic Communications Against Semantic Noise

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A Platform-Free Proof of Federated Learning Consensus Mechanism for Sustainable Blockchains

Wang, Y., Peng, H., Su, Z., Luan, T. H., Benslimane, A., & Wu, Y. (2022) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/jsac.2022.3213347 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

Federated Learning With Fair Incentives and Robust Aggregation for UAV-Aided Crowdsensing

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Luan, T. H., Li, R., & Zhang, K. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2021.3138928 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

A Survey on Trust Models in Heterogeneous Networks

Wang, J., Yan, Z., Wang, H., Li, T., & Pedrycz, W. (2022) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2022.3192978 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Semantic Communication for the Internet of Vehicles: A Multiuser Cooperative Approach

Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Qin, Z., Liu, C., & Zhang, P. (2023) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine · doi:10.1109/mvt.2022.3227723 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Towards situational aware cyber-physical systems: A security-enhancing use case of blockchain-based digital twins

Suhail, S., Malik, S. U. R., Jurdak, R., Hussain, R., Matulevičius, R., & Svetinović, D. (2022) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2022.103699 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Stochastic Digital-Twin Service Demand With Edge Response: An Incentive-Based Congestion Control Approach

Lin, X., Wu, J., Li, J., Yang, W., & Guizani, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2021.3122013 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Security and Privacy in Vehicular Digital Twin Networks: Challenges and Solutions

He, C., Luan, T. H., Lu, R., Su, Z., & Dong, M. (2022) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.002.2200015 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

On the Design of a Privacy-Preserving Communication Scheme for Cloud-Based Digital Twin Environments Using Blockchain

Son, S., Kwon, D., Lee, J., Yu, S., Jho, N.-S., & Park, Y. (2022) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2022.3191414 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Sealed-Glass Proofs: Using Transparent Enclaves to Prove and Sell Knowledge

Tramèr, F., Zhang, F., Lin, H., Hubaux, J., Juels, A., & Shi, E. (2017) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy · doi:10.1109/eurosp.2017.28 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Encrypted Semantic Communication Using Adversarial Training for Privacy Preserving

Luo, X., Chen, Z., Tao, M., & Yang, F. (2023) · IEEE Communications Letters · doi:10.1109/lcomm.2023.3269768 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Toward Smart Manufacturing Using Spiral Digital Twin Framework and Twinchain

Khan, A., Shahid, F., Maple, C. R., Ahmad, A., & Jeon, G. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2020.3047840 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Digital Twins for Intelligent Authorization in the B5G-Enabled Smart Grid

López, J., Rubio, J. E., & Alcaraz, C. (2021) · IEEE Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/mwc.001.2000336 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Digital Twin-based Intrusion Detection for Industrial Control Systems

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ZeeStar: Private Smart Contracts by Homomorphic Encryption and Zero-knowledge Proofs

Steffen, S., Bichsel, B., Baumgartner, R., & Vechev, M. (2022) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp46214.2022.9833732 · Cited by 85 · see citing works

Blockchain-Based Secure and Cooperative Private Charging Pile Sharing Services for Vehicular Networks

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Li, J., Zhang, N., Zhang, K., Choo, K. R., & Liu, Y. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3131744 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

A Novel Charging Scheme for Electric Vehicles With Smart Communities in Vehicular Networks

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Xu, Q., Yang, T., & Zhang, N. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2923851 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

Unleashing the Digital Twin's Potential for ICS Security

Dietz, M., & Pernul, G. (2020) · IEEE Security & Privacy · doi:10.1109/msec.2019.2961650 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

ELEGANT: Security of Critical Infrastructures With Digital Twins

Sousa, B., Arieiro, M., Pereira, V., Correia, J., Lourenço, N., & Cruz, T. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3100708 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

A Secure Content Caching Scheme for Disaster Backup in Fog Computing Enabled Mobile Social Networks

Su, Z., Xu, Q., Luo, J., Pu, H., Peng, Y., & Lu, R. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2849984 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Intellectual Property Protection for Deep Learning Models: Taxonomy, Methods, Attacks, and Evaluations

Xue, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Liu, W. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tai.2021.3133824 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

DUET: A Framework for Building Interoperable and Trusted Digital Twins of Smart Cities

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Security in IoT-Enabled Digital Twins of Maritime Transportation Systems

Liu, J., Li, C., Bai, J., Luo, Y., Lv, H., & Lv, Z. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3122566 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Sustainable Blockchain-Based Digital Twin Management Architecture for IoT Devices

Wang, C., Cai, Z., & Li, Y. (2022) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2022.3153653 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

FedTwin: Blockchain-Enabled Adaptive Asynchronous Federated Learning for Digital Twin Networks

Qu, Y., Gao, L., Xiang, Y., Shen, S., & Yu, S. (2022) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.105.2100620 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Physical Layer Security in Cybertwin-Enabled Integrated Satellite-Terrestrial Vehicle Networks

Yin, Z., Cheng, N., Luan, T. H., & Wang, P. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3133574 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Lifesaving with RescueChain: Energy-Efficient and Partition-Tolerant Blockchain Based Secure Information Sharing for UAV-Aided Disaster Rescue

Wang, Y., Su, Z., Xu, Q., Li, R., & Luan, T. H. (2021) · IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM) · doi:10.1109/infocom42981.2021.9488719 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Synchronized Provable Data Possession Based on Blockchain for Digital Twin

Li, T., Wang, H., He, D., & Yu, J. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3144869 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

A Secure and Efficient Wireless Charging Scheme for Electric Vehicles in Vehicular Energy Networks

Wang, Y., Luan, T. H., Su, Z., Zhang, N., & Benslimane, A. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3131776 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Distributed Incentives for Intelligent Offloading and Resource Allocation in Digital Twin Driven Smart Industry

Peng, K., Huang, H., Bilal, M., & Xu, X. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2022.3184070 · Cited by 66 · see citing works

Digital Twins on the Resilience of Supply Chain Under COVID-19 Pandemic

Lv, Z., Qiao, L., Mardani, A., & Lv, H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2022.3195903 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Towards a Decentralized Metaverse: Synchronized Orchestration of Digital Twins and Sub-Metaverses

Hashash, O., Chaccour, C., Saad, W., Sakaguchi, K., & Yu, T. (2023) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc45041.2023.10279406 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Challenges and Solutions in Autonomous Driving: A Blockchain Approach

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Towards Cybersecurity of the Smart Grid Using Digital Twins

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SecCDV: A Security Reference Architecture for Cybertwin-Driven 6G V2X

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Dual-Driven Resource Management for Sustainable Computing in the Blockchain-Supported Digital Twin IoT

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Weaponizing Femtocells: The Effect of Rogue Devices on Mobile Telecommunications.

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IEEE 1451 Smart Sensor Digital Twin Federation for IoT/CPS Research

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Digital Twin-Enabled Intelligent DDoS Detection Mechanism for Autonomous Core Networks

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The Paradigm of Digital Twin CommunicationsPreprint

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Decentralized Self-Auditing Scheme With Errors Localization for Multi-Cloud Storage

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Blockchain in Digital Twins-Based Vehicle Management in VANETs

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Probabilistic machine learning based predictive and interpretable digital twin for dynamical systems

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Toward Digital Twin Oriented Modeling of Complex Networked Systems and Their Dynamics: A Comprehensive Survey

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A novel anomaly detection method for digital twin data using deconvolution operation with attention mechanism

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Digital Twin for Federated Analytics Using a Bayesian Approach

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Eco-Friendly Low Resource Security Surveillance Framework Toward Green AI Digital Twin

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Information-Centric Networking in Wireless Environments: Security Risks and Challenges

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Probabilistic machine learning based predictive and interpretable digital twin for dynamical systemsPreprint

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Digital Twin Envisioned Secure Air-Ground Integrated Networks: A Blockchain-Based Approach

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BSDP: Blockchain-Based Smart Parking for Digital-Twin Empowered Vehicular Sensing Networks With Privacy Protection

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Simulation-Based Digital Twin Development for Blockchain Enabled End-to-End Industrial Hemp Supply Chain Risk Management

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Securing Deployed Smart Contracts and DeFi With Distributed TEE Cluster

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Efficient Authentication for Vehicular Digital Twin Communications

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Coding of Multi-Source Information Streams With Age of Information Requirements

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Beyond Transmitting Bits: Context, Semantics, and Task-Oriented CommunicationsPreprint

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Golden Grain: Building a Secure and Decentralized Model Marketplace for MLaaS

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CommandFence: A Novel Digital-Twin-Based Preventive Framework for Securing Smart Home Systems

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Distributed Resource Optimization With Blockchain Security for Immersive Digital Twin in IIoT

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Intelligent Cache Pollution Attacks Detection for Edge Computing Enabled Mobile Social Networks

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Adaptive Federated Learning and Digital Twin for Industrial Internet of ThingsPreprint

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Linking physical objects to their digital twins via fiducial markers designed for invisibility to humans

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Edge-Fog-Cloud Secure Storage with Deep-Learning-Assisted Digital Twins

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Blockchains and Provenance: How a Technical System for Tracing Origins, Ownership and Authenticity Can Transform Social Trust

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Pistis: Issuing Trusted and Authorized Certificates With Distributed Ledger and TEE

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A Game-Theoretic Approach to Secure Estimation and Control for Cyber-Physical Systems with a Digital Twin

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Secure Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management with Verifiable Digital Twins

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Digital Twin of Wireless Systems: Overview, Taxonomy, Challenges, and OpportunitiesPreprint

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A Lite Distributed Semantic Communication System for Internet of ThingsPreprint

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Collaborative City Digital Twin For Covid-19 Pandemic: A Federated Learning SolutionPreprint

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From Semantic Communication to Semantic-aware Networking: Model, Architecture, and Open ProblemsPreprint

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Cybertwin-enabled 6G Space-air-ground Integrated Networks: Architecture, Open Issue, and ChallengesPreprint

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Is Semantic Communications Secure? A Tale of Multi-Domain Adversarial AttacksPreprint

Sagduyu, Y. E., Erpek, T., Ulukuş, Ş., & Yener, A. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2212.10438 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Simulation-Based Digital Twin Development for Blockchain Enabled End-to-End Industrial Hemp Supply Chain Risk ManagementPreprint

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Robust Semantic Communications Against Semantic NoisePreprint

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Age of Semantics in Cooperative Communications: To Expedite Simulation Towards Real via Offline Reinforcement Learning

Chen, X., Zhao, Z., Mao, S., Wu, C., Zhang, H., & Bennis, M. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3558747 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Semantic Communication for Internet of Vehicles: A Multi-User Cooperative ApproachPreprint

Xu, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Qin, Z., Liu, C., & Zhang, P. (2022) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2212.03037 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Towards a Decentralized Metaverse: Synchronized Orchestration of Digital Twins and Sub-MetaversesPreprint

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Age of Semantics in Cooperative Communications: To Expedite Simulation Towards Real via Offline Reinforcement LearningPreprint

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Encrypted Semantic Communication Using Adversarial Training for Privacy PreservingPreprint

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Golden Grain: Building a Secure and Decentralized Model Marketplace for MLaaSPreprint

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A Survey on ChatGPT: AI–Generated Contents, Challenges, and Solutions

Wang, Y., Pan, Y., Yan, M., Su, Z., & Luan, T. H. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society · doi:10.1109/ojcs.2023.3300321 · Cited by 395 · see citing works

A Survey on Digital Twin for Industrial Internet of Things: Applications, Technologies and Tools

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The synergistic interplay of artificial intelligence and digital twin in environmentally planning sustainable smart cities: A comprehensive systematic review

Bibri, S. E., Huang, J., Jagatheesaperumal, S. K., & Krogstie, J. (2024) · Environmental Science and Ecotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.ese.2024.100433 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

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A review of digital twins and their application in cybersecurity based on artificial intelligence

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Generative artificial intelligence of things systems, multisensory immersive extended reality technologies, and algorithmic big data simulation and modelling tools in digital twin industrial metaverse

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Trends in Digital Twin Framework Architectures for Smart Cities: A Case Study in Smart Mobility

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Digital twin for credit card fraud detection: opportunities, challenges, and fraud detection advancements

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A Survey of Security in UAVs and FANETs: Issues, Threats, Analysis of Attacks, and Solutions

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A Comprehensive Survey on Revolutionizing Connectivity Through Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Digital Twin Network in 6G

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A Survey of the Real-Time Metaverse: Challenges and Opportunities

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A Review of Digital Twin Technologies for Enhanced Sustainability in the Construction Industry

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A Survey on Semantic Communication Networks: Architecture, Security, and Privacy

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Advancing Precision Agriculture Through Digital Twins and Smart Farming Technologies: A Review

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Large Model-Based Agents: State-of-the-Art, Cooperation Paradigms, Security and Privacy, and Future Trends

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An optimization-centric review on integrating artificial intelligence and digital twin technologies in manufacturing

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Digital Twin in Industries: A Comprehensive Survey

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A comprehensive review of Digital Twin technologies in smart cities

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A unified framework for digital twin development in manufacturing

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Two-Timescale Synchronization and Migration for Digital Twin Networks: A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

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Digital twin (DT) and extended reality (XR) for building energy management

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Artificial intelligence of things for sustainable smart city brain and digital twin systems: Pioneering Environmental synergies between real-time management and predictive planning

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Digital Twins in Personalized Medicine: Bridging Innovation and Clinical Reality

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Digital Twins for Enhancing Efficiency and Assuring Safety in Renewable Energy Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

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Towards smart product-service systems 2.0: A retrospect and prospect

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Network Digital Twin for 6G and Beyond: An End-to-End View Across Multi-Domain Network Ecosystems

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The Interplay of AI and Digital Twin: Bridging the Gap between Data-Driven and Model-Driven Approaches

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Digital twin enabled smart microgrid system for complete automation: An overview

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Privacy Attacks and Defenses for Digital Twin Migrations in Vehicular Metaverses

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Digital twin-based virtual factory and cyber-physical production systems, collaborative autonomous robotic and networked manufacturing technologies, and enterprise and business intelligence algorithms for industrial metaverse

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LLM-Twin: mini-giant model-driven beyond 5G digital twin networking framework with semantic secure communication and computation

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Social Metaverse: Challenges and Solutions

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Collaborative Honeypot Defense in UAV Networks: A Learning-Based Game Approach

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Enhanced Solar Photovoltaic System Management and Integration: The Digital Twin Concept

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Digital Twin Technology for Urban Flood Risk Management: A Systematic Review of Remote Sensing Applications and Early Warning Systems

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A GAN-Based Semantic Communication for Text Without CSI

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Generative AI-Aided QoE-Aware Resource Allocations for RlS-Assisted Digital Twin Interaction With Uncertain Evolution

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A systematic review of digital twins for electric vehicles

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Avatar Privacy Challenges in the Metaverse: A Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

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Integration of Digital Twin and Federated Learning for Securing Vehicular Internet of Things

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Systematic Analysis of Federated Learning Approaches for Intrusion Detection in the Internet of Things Environment

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Federated Digital Twin

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Blockchain-Based Pseudonym Management for Vehicle Twin Migrations in Vehicular Edge Metaverse

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Distributed and trustworthy digital twin platform based on blockchain and Web3 technologies

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A survey on security enhancing Digital Twins: Models, applications and tools

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Navigating the nexus of security and privacy in modern financial technologies

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Quantum-Resistant Secure Communication Protocol for Digital Twin-Enabled Context-Aware IoT-Based Healthcare Applications

Bera, B., Das, A. K., & Sikdar, B. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnse.2025.3553044 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Resource Management, Security, and Privacy Issues in Semantic Communications: A Survey

Won, D., Woraphonbenjakul, G., Wondmagegn, A. B., Tran, A.-T., Lee, D., Lakew, D. S., & Cho, S. (2024) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2024.3471685 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Edu-Metaverse: A Comprehensive Review of Virtual Learning Environments

Illi, C., & Elhassouny, A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3540944 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Digital Twins and Cyber-Physical Systems: A New Frontier in Computer Modeling

Vidyalakshmi, G. V., Gopikrishnan, S., Boulila, W., Koubâa, A., & Srivastava, G. (2025) · Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences · doi:10.32604/cmes.2025.057788 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

A New Era of Mobility: Exploring Digital Twin Applications in Autonomous Vehicular Systems

Hossain, S., Saha, S. K., Banik, S., & Banik, T. (2023) · IEEE World AI IoT Congress (AIIoT) · doi:10.1109/aiiot58121.2023.10174376 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Digital-Twin-Enabled Task Scheduling for State Monitoring in Aircraft Testing Process

Ren, C., Chen, C., Li, P., Wen, X., Ma, Y., & Guan, X. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3373669 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Sustainable Intelligent Transportation Systems via Digital Twins: A Contextualized Survey

Martínez, V. M. G., Campelo, D. R. D. S., & Ribeiro, M. R. N. (2025) · IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems · doi:10.1109/ojits.2025.3553696 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

The Future of Digital Twin Research and Development

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Task Freshness-aware Incentive Mechanism for Vehicle Twin Migration in Vehicular Metaverses

Wen, J., Kang, J., Xiong, Z., Zhang, Y., Du, H., Jiao, Y., & Niyato, D. T. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Metaverse Computing, Networking and Applications (MetaCom) · doi:10.1109/metacom57706.2023.00089 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Digital Twins in the IIoT: Current Practices and Future Directions Toward Industry 5.0

Mon, B. F., Hayajneh, M., Ali, N. A., Ullah, F., Ullah, H., & Alkobaisi, S. (2025) · Computers, Materials & Continua · doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.061411 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Product digital twins: An umbrella review and research agenda for understanding their value

Medina, F. G., & Hernandez, V. M. (2024) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2024.104181 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Prediction and control of greenhouse temperature: Methods, applications, and future directions

Yu, J., Sun, C., Zhao, J., Ma, L., Zheng, W., Xie, Q., & Wei, X. (2025) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2025.110603 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Human-in-the-loop in smart manufacturing (H-SM): A review and perspective

Kim, D. B., Bajestani, M. S., Lee, J. Y., Shin, S., Kim, G.-Y., Sajadieh, S. M. M., & Noh, S. D. (2025) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.05.020 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

A Comprehensive Survey on Emerging AI Technologies for 6G Communications: Research Direction, Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities

Das, B. R., Hasan, S. R., Sabuj, S. R., Hossain, M. A., & Ray, S. K. (2025) · International Journal of Intelligent Networks · doi:10.1016/j.ijin.2025.06.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Integrating Data-Driven Security, Model Checking, and Self-adaptation for IoT Systems Using BIP Components: A Conceptual Proposal Model

Alsobeh, A., & Shatnawi, A. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33743-7_44 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

A Comprehensive Survey on Digital Twin: Focusing on Security Threats and Requirements

Mun, H., Han, K., Damiani, E., Yeun, H. K., Kim, T., Martino, L., & Yeun, C. Y. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3563621 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Internet of Digital Twin: Framework, Applications, and Enabling Technologies

Liu, R., Luan, T. H., Qu, Y., Xiang, Y., Gao, L., & Zhao, D. (2025) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2025.3554579 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Digital Twin-Enabled Vulnerability Assessment with Zero Trust Policy Enforcement in Smart Manufacturing Cyber-Physical System

Choubey, B., James, U. U., Ijiga, O. M., & Enyejo, L. A. (2023) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology · doi:10.32628/cseit23906189 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Artificial Intelligence Techniques With Digital Twin for Fault Diagnosis in Interconnected Systems: A Review

Nakti, I., Mansouri, M. M., Al‐Hmouz, R., & Khedher, A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3572563 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Blockchain for Security in Digital Twins

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Cost-Efficient Vehicular Crowdsensing Based on Implicit Relation Aware Graph Attention Networks

Huo, J., Wang, L., Wen, X., Gesbert, D., & Lu, Z. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2023.3313649 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Digitalization of 3-D Human Bodies: A Survey

Yang, Y., Zhang, H., Ballester, A., Alemany, S., Chen, S., & Zhang, G. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics · doi:10.1109/tce.2024.3363616 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Digital Twin-Enabled Incident Detection and Response: A Systematic Review of Critical Infrastructures Applications

Kampourakis, K. E., Gkioulos, V., Kavallieratos, G., & Lin, J. (2025) · International Journal of Information Security · doi:10.1007/s10207-025-01113-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Multi-Attribute Auction-Based Resource Allocation for Twins Migration in Vehicular Metaverses: A GPT-Based DRL Approach

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TwinArch: A digital twin reference architecture

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Hierarchical Decentralized Federated Learning Framework with Adaptive Clustering: Bloom-Filter-Based Companions Choice for Learning Non-IID Data in IoV

Liu, S., Liu, Z., Xu, Z., Liu, W., & Tian, J. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12183811 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Meta-algorithmic optimized power allocation in cybertwin-based sixth generation cooperative communication system

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A framework for enhancing cyber incident response with Security-Enhancing Digital Twins in Cyber–Physical Systems

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Digital Twins in Security Operations: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

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Governance Framework for Intelligent Digital Twin Systems in Battery Storage: Aligning Standards, Market Incentives, and Cybersecurity for Decision Support of Digital Twin in BESS

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A blockchain-based provably secure anonymous authentication for edge computing-enabled IoT

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Fault Diagnosis in the Network Function Virtualization: A Survey, Taxonomy, and Future Directions

Li, J., Qi, X., Li, J., Su, Z., Su, Y., & Liu, L. (2024) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3362991 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Distributed intelligence in industrial and automotive cyber–physical systems: a review

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Distributed digital twins on the open-source OpenTwins framework

Infante, S., Robles, J., Martín, C., Rubio, B., & Díáz, M. (2024) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2024.102970 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The metaverse: Privacy and information security risks

Laiz-Ibanez, H., Cuervo, C. M., & Candás, J. L. C. (2025) · International Journal of Information Management Data Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jjimei.2025.100373 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Industry 5.0 readiness factors for implementing digital twins in sustainable supply chains: A pathway to circularity

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On-Demand Anonymous Access and Roaming Authentication Protocols for 6G Satellite–Ground Integrated Networks

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Federated Digital Twins as an Enabling Technology for Collaborative Decision-Making

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Reflecting city digital twins (CDTs) for sustainable urban development: Roles, challenges and directions

Wang, Q.-C., Sun, M., Liu, X., Tao, F., Yang, D., & Bardhan, R. (2025) · Digital engineering. · doi:10.1016/j.dte.2025.100035 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

SecTwin: A secure and efficient authentication mechanism for vehicular digital twins

Tanveer, M., Toor, K., Alharbi, A. G., & Hassan, S. R. (2025) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2025.104292 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Federated Digital Twins: A Scheduling Approach Based on Temporal Graph Neural Network and Deep Reinforcement Learning

Kim, Y., Kim, H., Ha, B., & Kim, W.-T. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3530558 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Intelligent Computation Offloading Based on Digital Twin-Enabled 6G Industrial IoT

Wu, J., & Zuo, R. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14031035 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

TRIPLE: A blockchain-based digital twin framework for cyber–physical systems security

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Proactive Task Allocation in Extreme Edge Computing for Digital Twin Services

Khatib, R. F. E., Elsayed, S. A., Zorba, N., & Hassanein, H. S. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2024.3524868 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Resource Allocation for the Training of Image Semantic Communication Networks

Li, Y., Zhou, X., & Zhao, J. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications · doi:10.1109/twc.2025.3527014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Bibliometric Analysis of Digital Twin: Scientometrics and Future Research Trends

Bhatia, M., & Kumar, V. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3555282 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Federated learning for digital twin applications: a privacy-preserving and low-latency approach

Li, J., & Wang, D. (2025) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.2877 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The Impact of AI on Cybersecurity Defense Mechanisms: Future Trends and ChallengesPreprint

Gilbert, C., & Gilbert, M. A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5258783 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Digital Twins for a Sustainable Textile Industry: A Critical Analysis of Unexplored Applications and Future Directions

Angelova, R. A. (2025) · Textiles · doi:10.3390/textiles5040049 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Digital Twin in TIM

Wang, W., Zaheer, Q., Qiu, S., Wang, W., Ai, C., Wang, J., Wang, S., & Hu, W. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-5804-7_4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Digital Twin-Based Blockchain for Power Support in Networked Microgrids

Hong, Y., Alano, F. I., Lee, Y., Jiang, J., & Yeh, J.-N. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3416672 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Enhancing Specific Emitter Identification: A Semi-Supervised Approach With Deep Cloud and Broad Edge Integration

Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Xuan, Q., Lin, Y., & Gui, G. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3524157 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Hierarchical Digital Twin for Efficient 6G Network Orchestration via Adaptive Attribute Selection and Scalable Network Modeling

Jia, P., Wang, X., & Shen, X. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2025.3552299 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Secured digital-twin data service for the Internet of smart things

Qian, M., Qian, C., Hussaini, A., Xu, G., Liao, W., & Yu, W. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13462-3.00019-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Using Digital Twins to Improve the Security of IoT Systems

Assila, B., David, M., Zouinkhi, A., & Derigent, W. J. E. (2025) · IEEE International Multi-Conference on Smart Systems & Green Process (IMC-SSGP) · doi:10.1109/imc-ssgp67001.2025.11474060

Applications and Challenges Cyber Security in Digital Twin and IoT Environment

Katara, Y. K., Thapar, S., Tiwari, A., Maan, R. S., & Jain, J. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2028-1.ch021

A Comprehensive Survey on Digital Twin: Focusing on Security Threats and Requirements

Mun, H., Han, K., Damiani, E., Yeun, H. K., Kim, T., Martino, L., & Yeun, C. Y. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3563621 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Internet of Things in digital twins

Soares, J., & Martins, R. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-43896-7.00032-7