Cited by 511Diabetes Management and ResearchPancreatic function and diabetesDiabetes Management and Education

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Diabetes: Models, Signals, and Control

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Cobelli, C., Dalla Man, C., Sparacino, G., Magni, L., De Nicolao, G., Kovatchev, B.P.·2009·IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering

DOI 10.1109/rbme.2009.2036073PMC PMC2951686

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Abstract

The control of diabetes is an interdisciplinary endeavor, which includes a significant biomedical engineering component, with traditions of success beginning in the early 1960s. It began with modeling of the insulin-glucose system, and progressed to large-scale in silico experiments, and automated closed-loop control (artificial pancreas). Here, we follow these engineering efforts through the last, almost 50 years. We begin with the now classic minimal modeling approach and discuss a number of subsequent models, which have recently resulted in the first in silico simulation model accepted as substitute to animal trials in the quest for optimal diabetes control. We then review metabolic monitoring, with a particular emphasis on the new continuous glucose sensors, on the analyses of their time-series signals, and on the opportunities that they present for automation of diabetes control. Finally, we review control strategies that have been successfully employed in vivo or in silico, presenting a promise for the development of a future artificial pancreas and, in particular, discuss a modular architecture for building closed-loop control systems, including insulin delivery and patient safety supervision layers. We conclude with a brief discussion of the unique interactions between human physiology, behavioral events, engineering modeling and control relevant to diabetes.

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Self-citation
Artificial Pancreas: The First 20 Years
Doyle, F. J., & Kovatchev, B. P. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968251330920 · Cited by 1
Self-citation

Authors: Cobelli, C., Dalla Man, C., Sparacino, G., Magni, L., De Nicolao, G., & Kovatchev, B. P.
Affiliations: University of Padua (IT)
University of Pavia (IT)
University of Virginia (US)
ORCID: Cobelli, C.
Sparacino, G.
Magni, L.
Kovatchev, B.P.
Venue: IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Published: 2009
Volume: 2
Pages: 54-96
ISSN: 1937-3333 (ISSN-L)
1941-1189
DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2009.2036073
PMC: PMC2951686
OpenAlex: W2171613573
Cited by: 511
References: 304
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 24.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html (vor)
Locations: IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01dk051562-23)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK-051562)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Keywords: diabetes management, computer simulation, artificial pancreas, feedback control, continuous glucose monitoring, modular control architecture

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