Compact, Energy-Efficient High-Frequency Switched Capacitor Neural Stimulator With Active Charge Balancing
Open accessAbstract
Safety and energy efficiency are two major concerns for implantable neural stimulators. This paper presents a novel high-frequency, switched capacitor (HFSC) stimulation and active charge balancing scheme, which achieves high energy efficiency and well-controlled stimulation charge in the presence of large electrode impedance variations. Furthermore, the HFSC can be implemented in a compact size without any external component to simultaneously enable multichannel stimulation by deploying multiple stimulators. The theoretical analysis shows significant benefits over the constant-current and voltage-mode stimulation methods. The proposed solution was fabricated using a 0.18 μm high-voltage technology, and occupies only 0.035 mm2for a single stimulator. The measurement result shows 50% peak energy efficiency and confirms the effectiveness of active charge balancing to prevent the electrode dissolution.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
High-frequency switched-capacitor stimulating systems have demonstrated the feasibility of integrating smaller capacitors to achieve superior energy efficiency with charge-driven stimulators while maintaining the required level of safety.
“Highfrequency switched-capacitor stimulating systems (Fig. 5(d)) have demonstrated the feasibility of integrating smaller capacitors to achieve superior energy efficiency with chargedriven stimulators while maintaining the required level of safety [123], [142].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [142]
Cites
Electrochemical methods, fundamentals and applications
Aikens, D. A. (1983) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed060pa25.1 · Cited by 3,183 · see citing works
Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes
Cogan, S. F. (2008) · Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518 · Cited by 2,243 · see citing works
Subretinal electrical stimulation of the rabbit retina
Chow, A. Y., & Chow, V. Y. (1997) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00185-7 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
A Power-Efficient Wireless System With Adaptive Supply Control for Deep Brain Stimulation
Lee, H., Park, H., & Ghovanloo, M. (2013) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2013.2266862 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Noorsal, E., Sooksood, K., Xu, H., Hornig, R., Becker, J., & Ortmanns, M. (2012) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2011.2164667 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Lee, H.-M., Kwon, K. Y., Li, W., & Ghovanloo, M. (2015) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2355814 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Yip, M., Jin, R., Nakajima, H. H., Stanković, K. M., & Chandrakasan, A. P. (2014) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2355822 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Arfin, S. K., & Sarpeshkar, R. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2011.2166072 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A Power-Efficient Neural Tissue Stimulator With Energy Recovery
Kelly, S. K., & Wyatt, J. L. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2010.2076384 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Rhew, H.-G., Jeong, J., Fredenburg, J. A., Dodani, S., Patil, P. G., & Flynn, M. P. (2014) · IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits · doi:10.1109/jssc.2014.2346779 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
An Energy-Efficient, Dynamic Voltage Scaling Neural Stimulator for a Proprioceptive Prosthesis
Williams, I. A., & Constandinou, T. G. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2013.2256906 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Optimal charging of capacitors
Paul, S., Schlaffer, A., & Nossek, J. A. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Fundamental Theory and Applications · doi:10.1109/81.855456 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
CMOS integrated capacitive DC-DC converters
Breussegem, T. V., & Steyaert, M. S. J. (2013) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4280-6 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Switched-capacitor based implantable low-power wireless microstimulating systems
Ghovanloo, M. (2006) · IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings · doi:10.1109/iscas.2006.1693055 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Implantable Stimulator for Epileptic Seizure Suppression With Loading Impedance Adaptability
Lin, C., Chen, W., & Ker, M. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2012.2200481 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
van Dongen, M. N., & Serdijn, W. A. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2014.2363736 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A Power-Efficient Wireless Capacitor Charging System Through an Inductive Link
Lee, H., & Ghovanloo, M. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2013.2278104 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Towards a Switched-Capacitor based Stimulator for efficient deep-brain stimulation
Vidal, J. G., & Ghovanloo, M. (2010) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2010.5626290 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
van Dongen, M. N., Hoebeek, F. E., Koekkoek, S. K. E., De Zeeuw, C. I., & Serdijn, W. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroengineering · doi:10.3389/fneng.2015.00002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Multichannel High-Frequency Power-Isolated Neural Stimulator With Crosstalk Reduction
Jiang, D., & Demosthenous, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2018.2832541 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Advances in Neural Recording and Stimulation Integrated Circuits
Li, J., Liu, X., Mao, W., Chen, T., & Yu, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.663204 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review
Habibollahi, M., Jiang, D., Lancashire, H. T., & Demosthenous, A. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tbcas.2024.3430038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…compliance monitoring [129], ( c ) dynamic current copying in a source-sink structure [66], ( d ) high-frequency switched capacitor configuration [142]. have been made to combine the regulated cascode topology with a current-copying stimulator in [133], which minimises the required power and…”
Design Considerations for Implantable Neural Circuits and Systems
Hsu, W.-Y., Hsieh, P.-H., & Chen, H. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_19 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Hsu, W.-Y., & Schmid, A.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- ORCID
- Schmid, Alexandre
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 878-888
- ISSN
- 1932-4545 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-9990
- OpenAlex
- W2735171681
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- infoscience.epfl.ch
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Swiss Commission for Technology and Innovation (16227.1 PFLS-LS)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Memory and Neural Computing
- Keywords
- neural stimulator, switched capacitor, high-frequency stimulation, energy efficiency, biomedical implants, multichannel stimulation, electrode dissolution, constant current stimulation, compact integrated circuit
- MeSH terms
- Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Equipment Design, Humans, Electric Impedance, Implantable Neurostimulators
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
