A Neural Stimulator Frontend With High-Voltage Compliance and Programmable Pulse Shape for Epiretinal Implants
Abstract
This paper presents an integrated neural stimulator with highly efficient and flexible frontend which is intended for an epiretinal implant with 1024 electrodes. It features programmable stimulation pulse shapes, a high-voltage (HV) output driver with compliance monitor for supply voltage adaptation, active and passive charge balancers, and electrode impedance measurement. Area and power efficiency is achieved by global timing assignment and local amplitude control over a bus at the local stimulation units. Major power savings in the distributed digital control units are realized by implementing global and local clock gating. Two stimulator frontends have been fabricated in a 0.35 μm HVCMOS process. Each frontend features four demultiplexed outputs and consumes 0.2 mm2core area. A maximum voltage compliance of 20 V is achieved and up to 1 mA of output current can be adjusted with up to 50 dB dynamic range. In vitro experimental results performed on a platinum black electrode in 0.9% saline solution are given.
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Real-time monitoring of the voltage compliance enables operation with the minimum supply necessary for stimulation, which improves the power efficiency of the HV stimulus pulse driver circuit.
“Real-time monitoring of the voltage compliance enables operation with the minimum supply necessary for stimulation, which improves the power efficiency of the HV stimulus pulse driver circuit [44], [129].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
The VCR topology can maintain a high output impedance with little voltage overhead by introducing regulated cascode current mirrors.
“Alternatively, the VCR topology can maintain a high output impedance with little voltage overhead by introducing regulated cascode current mirrors, as shown in Fig. 5(b). These structures avoid reliance on linearity compensation circuits [129].”
From Active Neural Interface Circuits and Systems for Selective Control of Peripheral Nerves: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [129]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Noorsal, E., Sooksood, K., Xu, H., Hornig, R., Becker, J., & Ortmanns, M.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Bundesnetzagentur (DE)
- Venue
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 244-256
- ISSN
- 0018-9200 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-173X
- OpenAlex
- W1971046436
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 9.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors
- Keywords
- epiretinal implants, voltage compliance, clock gating, power efficiency, retinal prosthesis, platinum black electrodes
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