The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A review of portable FES-based neural orthoses for the correction of drop foot
Abstract
This paper reviews the technological developments in neural orthoses for the correction of upper motor neurone drop foot since 1961, when the technique was first proposed by Liberson and his co-workers. Drop foot stimulator (DFS) developments are reviewed starting with hard-wired single-channel and multichannel surface functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems, followed by implanted drop foot stimulators, and then continuing with microprocessor-based surface and implanted drop foot stimulators. The review examines the role of artificial and "natural" sensors as replacements for the foot-switch as the primary control sensor in drop foot stimulators. DFS systems incorporating real-time control of FES and completely implanted DFS systems finish the review.
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“These peaks were not as well defined compared to the CVs of activated iridium oxide in et al [1].”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Similar multiple peaks had been reported by Cogan et al. [1] and Slavcheva et al. [2].”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“However, these peaks indicated an active Ir(IV) + e− ⇋ Ir(III) charge transfer mechanism.”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The charge storage capacity of the iridium oxide electrodes here was observed to be larger than the charge storage capacity obtained with activated iridium oxide films reported by Agnew et al [4] and sputtered iridium oxide films reported by Cogan et al. [1]”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The morphology and structure of the iridium oxide on the LCP substrate electrodes were markedly different compared to the cauliflower morphology reported by Cogan et al [1]and Slavcheva et al [2].”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Impedance testing of the sputtered iridium oxide films also revealed Bode plots with slightly higher impedances compared the sputtered iridium oxide films reported by Cogan et al. [1] and Slavcheva et al [2], but lower compared to electrodeposited and activated iridium oxide films [3].”
From Flexible Nerve Stimulation Electrode With Iridium Oxide Sputtered on Liquid Crystal Polymer (2009) · cites this paper as [1]
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Cited by
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Items 201–277 of 277
Effect of contacts configuration and location on selective stimulation of cuff electrode
Taghipour-Farshi, H., Frounchi, J., Ahmadiasl, N., Shahabi, P., & Salekzamani, Y. (2015) · Bio-medical materials and engineering · doi:10.3233/bme-151281 · Cited by 4
“…mature technology as they have reached clinical use in diverse applications including phrenic nerve stimulation for diaphragmatic pacing [2], peroneal nerve stimulation for foot drop [3], sacral root stimulation for bladder control in paraplegia [4] and vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy [5].”
Development and distribution of functional electrical stimulator for foot drop for Thais
Jitprasutwit, J., Chaiwattanatham, R., & Lertmanorat, Z. (2015) · Biomedical Engineering International Conference · doi:10.1109/bmeicon.2015.7399565 · Cited by 3
“Functional electrical stimulation for foot drop correction (FES-FD) was introduced [4].”
MethodCostantino, C., & Pedrini, M. F. (2015) · Journal of Novel Physiotherapies · doi:10.4172/2165-7025.1000280 · Cited by 3
“An alternative approach to the management of drop foot is the functional electrical stimulation (FES), which is based on the delivered electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve during the swing phase of gait [9-11].”
BackgroundNeurorehabilitation: Strategies of Lower Extremities Restoration
Hensel, C., Eck, U., Alimusaj, M., Kaschuba, R., von Reumont, A., Rupp, R., & Schmidt, E.-M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_23 · Cited by 3
Functional Electrical Stimulation for Foot Drop Injury Based on the Arm Swing Motion
Ismail, S. I., Harun, M. N., & Omar, A. H. (2015) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.084 · Cited by 3
The stimulus router system: A novel neural prosthesis
Gan, L. S. (2010) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3c98d · Cited by 3
Sinkjær, T., Yoshida, K., Jensen, W., & Schnabel, V. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471732877.emd098 · Cited by 3
Li, Y., He, R., Yang, Q., Zheng, M., Wang, J., Fang, P., & Song, R. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2025.3647860 · Cited by 2
“These systems detect heel-rise and initial foot contact using foot switches or inertial sensors, applying a pre-determined square or trapezoidal stimulation profile during the swing phase without feedback for intensity adjustment [5], [13], [14].”
Mecheraoui, C., Swain, I., & Cobb, J. (2012) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2012.08.006 · Cited by 2
Aqueveque, P., Pastene, F., Osorio, R., Gómez, B., & Ortega-Bastidas, P. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175927 · Cited by 2
“An alternative treatment is functional electrical stimulation (FES), which involves the application of an electric current to a nerve or muscle to generate contraction, stimulating the ankle dorsiflexor muscles [4].”
BackgroundSammut, S., Koh, R. G. L., & Zariffa, J. (2020) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176736 · Cited by 2
“Nerve cuffs are attractive due to their long history of use, efficacy for human applications [6] and the fact that they have been shown to be safe for longterm or chronic implantation [7].”
BackgroundShin, J.-H., Park, H.-K., Jung, J.-Y., Shin, D.-W. L. H. C., Lee, H.-J., & Lee, W. (2024) · Physical therapy rehabilitation science · doi:10.14474/ptrs.2024.13.2.152 · Cited by 2
Preliminary Design and Control of an Ankle Rehabilitation Robot With Variable Stiffness Actuator
Luo, L., Wei, Z., Sun, Y., Zhang, W., & Zhou, J. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3517746 · Cited by 2
Use of FES with vibrotactile feedback for motor learning
Jha, A., & Sen, M. (2016) · doi:10.1109/iota.2016.7562712 · Cited by 2
“Bio feedback for checking the body alignment/movement has been in practice for many year particularly for rehabilitation of patients with stroke and other neuromuscular disorders whether it be visual feedback system [7] for stroke rehabilitation and balance disorder rehabilitation [8][22]; auditory feedback [10-11] fo…”
BackgroundCoelho-Magalhães, T., Vilaça-Martins, A. F., de Araújo, P. A., & Martins, H. R. (2022) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70601-2_203 · Cited by 2
İbrahim, D., Tosun, A., & Yiğitoğlu, P. H. (2013) · Instrumentation Science & Technology · doi:10.1080/10739149.2013.805696 · Cited by 2
“Lyons et al.([35]) provide an extensive review of portable FES devices for the correction of drop foot.”
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Kim, J. N., Ryu, M.-H., Yang, Y. S., & Kim, S. H. (2011) · Applied Mechanics and Materials · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.567 · Cited by 2
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Sabut, S., & Manjunatha, M. (2013) · International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology · doi:10.1504/ijbet.2013.056286 · Cited by 2
“Drop foot, inability to appropriately control ankle dorsiflexion during gait remains a long-term disability upto 20% of stroke survivors (Lyons et al., 2002).”
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“New applications and new approaches to existing applications of FES are being continually investigated to find improved treatments for patients with a variety of clinical pathologies [1-3].”
Novel Single-Stage-Switching Neuromuscular Stimulator
Gonzalez, S. A., Guerrero, F. N., & Spinelli, E. M. (2015) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13117-7_4 · Cited by 2
Portable Accelerometer-Based System for Aiding Elbow Extension in Post-Stroke Individuals
Bakhtina, V. A., Marinushkin, P. S., Левицкий, А. А., Ilminskaya, A. A., Abroskina, M. V., & Prokopenko, S. V. (2019) · International Conference of Young Specialists on Micro/Nanotechnologies and Electron Devices · doi:10.1109/edm.2019.8823353 · Cited by 2
“has been investigated intensively and successfully adopted for balancing, standing and walking correction [2, 3], helping to improve the lifestyle of neurologically impaired individuals.”
BackgroundMyoelectric control of an implanted neuroprosthesis to restore gait in incomplete spinal cord injury
Miller, M. E., Foglyano, K. M., Lombardo, L. M., Bailey, S. N., & Triolo, R. J. (2013) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner.2013.6695929 · Cited by 1
“In long-term use, foot switches have been shown to deform and malfunction from mechanical breakage of solder joints and sticking contacts [4].”
BackgroundPopović, D. B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6623-9_22-1 · Cited by 1
A Knowledge Based System for the Selection of Muscles for Gait Phase Detection using EMGs
Syrimpeis, V. N., Moulianitis, V. C., Aspragathos, N., & Panagiotopoulos, E. C. (2017) · International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics · doi:10.4018/ijhisi.2017040102 · Cited by 1
“Accelerometers and combinations of accelerometers with angle velocity’s sensors are used for the detection of the Initial Contact (IC) event in cases of the lower limb pathology, called Drop-Foot Syndrome (Lyons et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodSammut, S., Koh, R. G. L., & Zariffa, J. (2020) · Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ACSSC) · doi:10.1109/ieeeconf51394.2020.9443545 · Cited by 1
“Nerve cuffs have become a popular choice in recent years as they have demonstrated their efficacy for human applications [5], and are known to be safe in chronic implantation scenarios [6].”
BackgroundWearable Electronics and Embedded Computing Systems for Biomedical Applications
Scilingo, E. P., & Valenza, G. (2017) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-03842-387-4 · Cited by 1
Engineering Interventions to Improve Impaired Gait
Agarwal, S., Abidin, A. Z., Chattopadhyay, S., & Acharya, U. (2012) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13729-17 · Cited by 1
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Zhu, Y., Liu, M., Chang, C., Sun, M., Zhang, H., & Pei, X. (2022) · International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems · doi:10.1109/icamechs57222.2022.10003399 · Cited by 1
“resistor (FSR), and it is a open-close mechanism[15].”
BackgroundThe history of Danish neuroscience
Paulson, O. B., Schousboe, A., & Hultborn, H. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16062 · Cited by 1
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“developed since the early 1960s [5], called functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the common peroneal nerve, is commonly used in clinical practice to assist impaired active ankle dorsiflexion during walking in patients with a UMN lesion [6].”
Gouveia, J. B., Carvalho, H., van der Kooij, H., & Martins, J. M. (2024) · IEEE/RAS-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob) · doi:10.1109/biorob60516.2024.10719899 · Cited by 1
“The application of FES-based solutions require the lesion to be in the UMN as, only in this case, the electrical excitability of the associated peripheral nerves is still intact [6] and stimulation can be successfully applied.”
MethodPeña-Bañuelos, J. C., Soriano-Hernández, M., Pérez-Flores, E. M. I., & González-Ojeda, M. G. (2020) · Revista Mexicana de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación · doi:10.35366/98514 · Cited by 1
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Lower Limb Motor Coordination and Rehabilitation Facilitated through Self- Assist.
Danek, K. A. (2008) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 1
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for Stroke Rehabilitation
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A Robotic Training System for Studies of Post-SCI Stand Rehabilitation
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“For example, researchers developed motor prostheses to restore function movement of paralyzed limbs using Functional Neuromuscular Stimulus (FNS)([4], [5], [6]) or studied the issue via computer simulation ([9], [10]).”
BackgroundFurey, K., Conway, R., O'Keeffe, D. T., & Lyons, G. M. (2006) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2006.08.016 · Cited by 1
“Lyons et al., 2003 [ 2 ] provide a detailed review of such devices.”
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Wang, Q. (2012) · Cited by 1
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“Approximately 20% of stroke survivors cannot adequately control ankle dorsiflexion during walking or show remaining foot drop (Lyons et al., 2002).”
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Dabic, R., & Jovicic, N. S. (2012) · Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR) · doi:10.1109/telfor.2012.6419392
Online estimation of EMG signals model based on a renewal process
Monsifrot, J., Carpentier, É. L., Aoustin, Y., & Farina, D. (2013) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2013.6637788
“Although these signals disclose a general view of the body control scheme, it has been shown that they could be analyzed [1] or used in quite a various range of application, such as for medical therapy [2], control of an exoskeleton [3], or control of a prosthesis [4, 5].”
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“The development of Drop-Foot correction systems based on Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has gone through the following stages [3]: Hard-wired single-channel surface DropFoot stimulators (DFS); Hard-wired multichannel surface DFS; Hard-wired single channel implanted DFS; Micro-processor based surface and impla…”
BackgroundSundar, K. (2009) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology)
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Carnahan, K. J. (2008)
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“This technique is very mature now [123].”
A Validated Peripheral Nerve Model for the Simulation of Multicontact Nerve Cuff Recordings
Garai, P. (2016) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Active hip orthosis for assisting the training of the gait in hemiplegics
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Watanabe, T., & Akaike, N. (2018) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-9023-3_10
Functional Electrical Stimulation
Ojanguren, E. I. (2018) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02735-3_3
Feedback-controlled functional electrical stimulation to restore upper extremity functions
Klauer, C. (2019) · DepositOnce · doi:10.14279/depositonce-8098
황성재 (2010) · YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library)
Ingeniería en rehabilitación: nuevos desarrollos en la FACENA-UNNE
Lombardero, O. G., Toranzos, V. J., de Aquino, C. E. C., Ricciardi, E. J., & Cáceres, M. (2014) · Extensionismo Innovación y Transferencia Tecnológica · doi:10.30972/eitt.101188
Bakhtina, V. A., Goncharov, D. I., Khomchenkova, A. A., Левицкий, А. А., Marinushkin, P. S., & Novikova, N. V. (2020) · International Conference on Actual Problems of Electron Devices Engineering · doi:10.1109/apede48864.2020.9255606
“To address this problem, numerous devices have been developed [4-19].”
BackgroundKerr, J. (2004) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
Hybrid Robotics and Neuroprosthetics for Associative Neurorehabilitation
Barroso, F. O., Moreno, J. C., Torricelli, D., & Pons, J. L. (2022) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_54-1
Drouot, C., & Jarrassé, N. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO) · doi:10.1109/robio55434.2022.10011720
“[8] used such sensors and information to apply Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) during patient walk.”
MethodHybrid Robotics and Neuroprosthetics for Associative Neurorehabilitation
Barroso, F. O., Moreno, J. C., Torricelli, D., & Pons, J. L. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_54
A Method of Using Pressure Insoles for Foot Drop FES Gait Phase Detection
Zhu, Y., Yan, Y., Zhu, S., Wang, Y., Sun, M., Guo, F., Wang, W., & Huang, Y. Q. (2024) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9243-0_53
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Functional electrical stimulation for motor neurorehabilitation
Tabernig, C. B., & Spaich, E. G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819877-3.00005-6
Jiao, Y., Lin, T., Shi, W., Wang, J., Li, G., Hou, Z.-G., & Wang, W. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering · doi:10.1109/tase.2025.3642135
“Therefore, active rehabilitation solutions based on functional electrical stimulation (FES) [5] or exoskeleton robots [6] have been proposed to overcome the above limitation.”
Frequency-induced fatigue in electrically stimulated sheep hindlimb muscles
Yus, B. M., Garcia-Maestre, A., García-Moreno, A., & Ivorra, A. (2026) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ae6346
“In fact, FES is already used to restore bladder and bowel function, respiratory function, and upper and lower extremity function [1, 10– 12].”
McAdam, J. (2013) · University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford)
Doll, B. D. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Using primary afferent neural activity for predicting limb kinematics in cat
Wagenaar, J. (2011) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Metadata
- Authors
- Lyons, G. M., Sinkjaer, T., Burridge, J. H., & Wilcox, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Limerick (IE)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- ORCID
- Burridge, J.H.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 260-279
- ISSN
- 1534-4320 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-0210
- OpenAlex
- W2165067332
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- foot drop, functional electrical stimulation, upper motor neuron lesion, surface stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Equipment Design, Foot, Humans, Microelectrodes, Miniaturization, Orthotic Devices, Peroneal Nerve, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Transducers, Muscle, Skeletal, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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