Aggregating Local Image Descriptors into Compact Codes
Open accessAbstract
This paper addresses the problem of large-scale image search. Three constraints have to be taken into account: search accuracy, efficiency, and memory usage. We first present and evaluate different ways of aggregating local image descriptors into a vector and show that the Fisher kernel achieves better performance than the reference bag-of-visual words approach for any given vector dimension. We then jointly optimize dimensionality reduction and indexing in order to obtain a precise vector comparison as well as a compact representation. The evaluation shows that the image representation can be reduced to a few dozen bytes while preserving high accuracy. Searching a 100 million image data set takes about 250 ms on one processor core.
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In other applications such as image retrieval, an image representation rather than a classification score is required for similarity ranking.
“Third, in other applications such as image retrieval [37], an image representation, rather than a classification score, is required for similarity ranking.”
From Spatial Pyramid Pooling in Deep Convolutional Networks for Visual Recognition (2015) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Jegou, H., Perronnin, F., Douze, M., Sanchez, J., Perez, P., & Schmid, C.
- Affiliations
- Xerox (France) (FR)
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1704-1716
- ISSN
- 0162-8828 (ISSN-L)
- 2160-9292
- OpenAlex
- W1984309565
- Cited by
- 1,503
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 149 · 2017: 163 · 2016: 192 · 2015: 178 · 2014: 118 · 2013: 71 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 72.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- inria.hal.science
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-07-BLAN-0328)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Keywords
- local image descriptors, descriptor aggregation, Fisher kernel, bag of visual words, large-scale image search, dimensionality reduction, image indexing, compact image representation, vector comparison
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