Cited by 4,451Advanced Image and Video Retrieval TechniquesAdvanced Neural Network ApplicationsImage Retrieval and Classification Techniques

CNN Features Off-the-Shelf: An Astounding Baseline for Recognition

Open access
Razavian, Ali Sharif, Azizpour, Hossein, Sullivan, Josephine, Carlsson, Stefan·2014·2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops

Abstract

Recent results indicate that the generic descriptors extracted from the convolutional neural networks are very powerful. This paper adds to the mounting evidence that this is indeed the case. We report on a series of experiments conducted for different recognition tasks using the publicly available code and model of the OverFeat network which was trained to perform object classification on ILSVRC13. We use features extracted from the OverFeat network as a generic image representation to tackle the diverse range of recognition tasks of object image classification, scene recognition, fine grained recognition, attribute detection and image retrieval applied to a diverse set of datasets. We selected these tasks and datasets as they gradually move further away from the original task and data the OverFeat network was trained to solve. Astonishingly, we report consistent superior results compared to the highly tuned state-of-the-art systems in all the visual classification tasks on various datasets. For instance retrieval it consistently outperforms low memory footprint methods except for sculptures dataset. The results are achieved using a linear SVM classifier (or L2 distance in case of retrieval) applied to a feature representation of size 4096 extracted from a layer in the net. The representations are further modified using simple augmentation techniques e.g. jittering. The results strongly suggest that features obtained from deep learning with convolutional nets should be the primary candidate in most visual recognition tasks.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1109/cvprw.2014.131

Cites

50 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Razavian, A. S., Azizpour, H., Sullivan, J., & Carlsson, S.
Affiliations
KTH Royal Institute of Technology (SE)
Venue
2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops
Publisher
IEEE
Published
2014-06
Pages
512-519
OpenAlex
W2062118960
Cited by
4,451
References
50
Citations by year
2026: 61 · 2025: 149 · 2024: 184 · 2023: 235 · 2022: 313 · 2021: 458 · 2020: 533 · 2019: 625 · 2018: 614 · 2017: 572 · 2016: 384 · 2015: 278 · 2014: 45
FWCI
227.89
Type
conference paper
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW) (publishedVersion)
  • KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques
Keywords
convolutional neural network features, transfer learning, scene classification, fine-grained classification, image retrieval, feature extraction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review