Review of the Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies on Distribution Systems and Utility Interfaces
Abstract
Plug-in vehicles can behave either as loads or as a distributed energy and power resource in a concept known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) connection. This paper reviews the current status and implementation impact of V2G/grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies on distributed systems, requirements, benefits, challenges, and strategies for V2G interfaces of both individual vehicles and fleets. The V2G concept can improve the performance of the electricity grid in areas such as efficiency, stability, and reliability. A V2G-capable vehicle offers reactive power support, active power regulation, tracking of variable renewable energy sources, load balancing, and current harmonic filtering. These technologies can enable ancillary services, such as voltage and frequency control and spinning reserve. Costs of V2G include battery degradation, the need for intensive communication between the vehicles and the grid, effects on grid distribution equipment, infrastructure changes, and social, political, cultural, and technical obstacles. Although V2G operation can reduce the lifetime of vehicle batteries, it is projected to become economical for vehicle owners and grid operators. Components and unidirectional/bidirectional power flow technologies of V2G systems, individual and aggregated structures, and charging/recharging frequency and strategies (uncoordinated/coordinated smart) are addressed. Three elements are required for successful V2G operation: power connection to the grid, control and commu…
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In urban zones, the economic case for EV infrastructure development is more appealing because return on investment is higher due to larger concentration of potential users.
“In urban zones, the economic case for infrastructure development is more appealing, because the return on investment is higher based on the larger concentration of potential users [75], [76], [112]-[118].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Grid-scale batteries play an increasing role in reducing ramping requirements on conventional generators and in shaving peaks in demand, thereby enhancing system reliability.
“Their analysis shows that grid-scale batteries play an increasing role in reducing ramping requirements on conventional generators and in shaving peaks in demand, thereby enhancing system reliability.”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Energy storage technologies are critical for the time-shifting of renewable generation to accommodate load demand, particularly at high penetrations of intermittent resources such as solar and wind.
“Energy storage technologies are critical for the time-shifting of renewable generation to accommodate load demand--particularly at high penetrations of intermittent resources such as solar and wind [76].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Current grid monitoring systems are in great danger of conflicting orders or decision lag, especially under rapid EV charging events.
“At the same time, they are also in great danger of conflicting orders or decision lag, especially under rapid EV charging events [75], [76], [112],[113].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
Current market structures often do not compensate for ancillary services adequately, despite V2G's potential to create new revenue streams.
“While V2G has the potential to create new revenue streams for EV owners and grid operators alike, current market structures often do not compensate for ancillary services adequately [76].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- Yilmaz, M., & Krein, P. T.
- Affiliations
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Krein, Philip T.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 5673-5689
- ISSN
- 0885-8993 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-0107
- OpenAlex
- W2058606879
- Cited by
- 1,024
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 93 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 25.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
- Keywords
- vehicle-to-grid, grid-to-vehicle, plug-in electric vehicles, distribution systems, ancillary services, reactive power support, active power regulation, variable renewable energy integration, load balancing, battery degradation, coordinated charging, fast charging infrastructure, voltage and frequency regulation, spinning reserve, bidirectional power flow, smart metering
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