The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Applicability of solid-state transformers in today's and future distribution grids
Abstract
Solid-state transformers (SSTs) are power electronic converters that provide isolation between a medium-voltage and a low-voltage (LV) system using medium-frequency transformers. The power electronic stages enable full-range control of the terminal voltages and currents and hence of the active and reactive power flows. Thus, SSTs are envisioned as key components of a smart grid. Various SST concepts have been proposed and analyzed in literature concerning technical aspects. However, several issues could potentially limit the applicability of SSTs in distribution grids. Therefore, this paper discusses four essential challenges in detail. It is found that SSTs are less efficient than low-frequency transformers (LFTs), yet their prospective prices are significantly higher. Furthermore, SSTs are not compatible with the protection schemes employed in today's LV grids, i.e., they are not drop-in replacements for LFTs. The limited voltage control range typically required in distribution grids can be provided by competing solutions, which do not involve power electronics (e.g., LFTs with tap changers), or by hybrid transformers, where the comparably inefficient power electronic stage processes only a fraction of the total power. Finally, potential application scenarios of SSTs (ac-dc, dc-dc, weight/space limited applications) are discussed. All considerations are distilled into an applicability flowchart for SST technology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, the reverse electric field and reversal moment of voltage polarity increase PD phenomenon [158].”
From State of the Art of Solid-State Transformers: Advanced Topologies, Implementation Issues, Recent Progress and Improvements (2020) · cites this paper as [158]
Citations
Cites
Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems
Hingorani, N. G., & Gyugyi, L. (1999) · doi:10.1109/9780470546802 · Cited by 4,248
The Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) System: The Energy Internet
Huang, A. Q., Crow, M. L., Heydt, G. T., Zheng, J. P., & Dale, S. J. (2011) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2010.2081330 · Cited by 1,463
More Electric Aircraft: Review, Challenges, and Opportunities for Commercial Transport Aircraft
Sarlioglu, B., & Morris, C. T. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2015.2426499 · Cited by 1,283
Review of Solid-State Transformer Technologies and Their Application in Power Distribution Systems
She, X., Huang, A. Q., & Burgos, R. (2013) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2013.2277917 · Cited by 1,164
Falcones, S., Ayyanar, R., & Mao, X. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2012.2215965 · Cited by 501
Power Electronic Traction Transformer—Medium Voltage Prototype
Zhao, C., Dujic, D., Mester, A., Steinke, J. K., Weiss, M., Lewdeni-Schmid, S., Chaudhuri, T., & Stefanutti, P. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2013.2278960 · Cited by 478
Solid-State Transformers: On the Origins and Evolution of Key Concepts
Huber, J. E., & Kolar, J. W. (2016) · IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine · doi:10.1109/mie.2016.2588878 · Cited by 449
Self-citationAnalysis and design of electronic transformers for electric power distribution system
Kang, M., Enjeti, P. N., & Pitel, I. J. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/63.803407 · Cited by 365
Reactive Power Generation and Control by Thyristor Circuits
Gyugyi, L. (1979) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.1979.4503701 · Cited by 331
A power electronic-based distribution transformer
Ronan, E. R., Sudhoff, S. D., Glover, S. F., & Galloway, D. L. (2002) · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · doi:10.1109/61.997934 · Cited by 316
Leibl, M., Ortiz, G., & Kolar, J. W. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2016.2623679 · Cited by 309
Self-citationA Power Electronic-Based Distribution Transformer
Ronan, E. R., Sudhoff, S. D., Glover, S. F., & Galloway, D. L. (2002) · IEEE Power Engineering Review · doi:10.1109/mper.2002.4312081 · Cited by 264
Huber, J. E., & Kolar, J. W. (2014) · 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2014.6954023 · Cited by 264
Self-citationWang, J., Huang, A., Sung, W., Liu, Y., & Baliga, B. (2009) · IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine · doi:10.1109/mie.2009.932583 · Cited by 260
On Integration of Solid-State Transformer With Zonal DC Microgrid
She, X., Huang, A. Q., Lukic, S. M., & Baran, M. E. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2012.2187317 · Cited by 254
Medium frequency topology in railway applications
Steiner, M., & Reinold, H. (2007) · 2007 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications · doi:10.1109/epe.2007.4417570 · Cited by 249
Das, M. K., Capell, C., Grider, D. E., Leslie, S. G., Ostop, J., Raju, R., Schutten, M. J., Nasadoski, J. J., & Hefner, A. R. (2011) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2011.6064129 · Cited by 226
Optimum Number of Cascaded Cells for High-Power Medium-Voltage AC–DC Converters
Huber, J., & Kolar, J. W. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2016.2605702 · Cited by 191
Self-citationMultilevel intelligent universal transformer for medium voltage applications
Lai, J., Maitra, A., Mansoor, A., & Goodman, F. (2005) · IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) · doi:10.1109/ias.2005.1518705 · Cited by 186
Power electronic technologies for flexible DC distribution grids
Doncker, R. W. D. (2014) · International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC) · doi:10.1109/ipec.2014.6869670 · Cited by 155
Next Generation Integrated Power System: NGIPS Technology Development Roadmap
Doerry, N., & McCoy, K. (2007) · doi:10.21236/ada519753 · Cited by 155
A 10-kV/400-V 500-kVA Electronic Power Transformer
Wang, D., Tian, J., Mao, C., Lu, J., Duan, Y., Qiu, J. X., & Cai, H. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2016.2586440 · Cited by 148
Power electronic transformers for utility applications
Manjrekar, M. D., Kieferndorf, R., & Venkataramanan, G. (2002) · doi:10.1109/ias.2000.883173 · Cited by 145
Chen, Q., Liu, N., Hu, C., Wang, L., & Zhang, J. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2016.2626302 · Cited by 130
Protection of MV Converters in the Grid: The Case of MV/LV Solid-State Transformers
Guillod, T., Krismer, F., & Kolar, J. W. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2016.2617620 · Cited by 111
Self-citationThe universal power electronics based distribution transformer, an unified approach
Heinemann, L., & Mauthe, G. (2002) · PESC record · doi:10.1109/pesc.2001.954164 · Cited by 108
Gammeter, C., Krismer, F., & Kolar, J. W. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2015.2459378 · Cited by 105
Self-citationHybrid distribution transformer: Concept development and field demonstration
Bala, S., Das, D., Aeloiza, E., Maitra, A., & Rajagopalan, S. (2012) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2012.6342271 · Cited by 97
The Thyristor Electronic Transformer: a Power Converter Using a High-Frequency Link
McMurray, W. (1971) · IEEE Transactions on Industry and General Applications · doi:10.1109/tiga.1971.4181326 · Cited by 84
Evaluation of topologies and optimal design of a hybrid distribution transformer
Burkard, J., & Biela, J. (2015) · European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications · doi:10.1109/epe.2015.7309097 · Cited by 80
MVDC marine electrical distribution: Are we ready?
Javaid, U., Dujić, D., & van der Merwe, W. (2015) · Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON) · doi:10.1109/iecon.2015.7392201 · Cited by 73
Tatcho, P., Li, H., Jiang, Y., & Qi, L. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2012.2207412 · Cited by 61
Li, R., Xu, L., Yao, L., & Williams, B. W. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/tec.2016.2575139 · Cited by 59
Toward the future: The MVDC large ship research program
Bosich, D., Vicenzutti, A., Pelaschiar, R., Menis, R., & Sulligoi, G. (2015) · AEIT International Annual Conference · doi:10.1109/aeit.2015.7415251 · Cited by 58
On reliability of medium voltage multilevel converters
Grinberg, R., Riedel, G. J., Korn, A., Steimer, P., & Bjornstad, E. (2013) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce.2013.6647238 · Cited by 58
A Solid State Transformer model for power flow calculations
Guerra, G. A., & Martínez-Velasco, J. A. (2017) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.01.005 · Cited by 53
Comparative evaluation of isolated front end and isolated back end multi-cell SSTs
Huber, J., Rothmund, D., & Kolar, J. W. (2016) · doi:10.1109/ipemc.2016.7512863 · Cited by 47
Self-citationSmart distribution system design: Automatic reconfiguration for improved reliability
Haughton, D. A., & Heydt, G. T. (2010) · IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pes.2010.5589678 · Cited by 38
Bauer, P., & de Haan, S. W. H. (2002) · IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS) · doi:10.1109/ias.1998.730344 · Cited by 36
Design of an electronic power transformer
Wrede, H., Staudt, V., & Steimel, A. (2003) · doi:10.1109/iecon.2002.1185477 · Cited by 35
Hunziker, C., & Schulz, N. (2017) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2017.01.024 · Cited by 31
Reactive power generation and control by thyristor circuits
Gyugyi, L. (1976) · IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC) · doi:10.1109/pesc.1976.7072914 · Cited by 30
Protection of hybrid transformers in the distribution grid
Burkard, J., & Biela, J. (2016) · European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications · doi:10.1109/epe.2016.7695522 · Cited by 29
Protection of a transformerless intelligent power substation
Madhusoodhanan, S., Patel, D. C., Bhattacharya, S., Carr, J., & Wang, Z. (2013) · IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG) · doi:10.1109/pedg.2013.6785610 · Cited by 27
Rosas‐Caro, J. C., Mancilla–David, F., López, J. M. G., Ramirez, J. M., González‐Rodríguez, A., Salas-Cabrera, N., Gómez-García, M., & Cisneros-Villegas, H. (2010) · International Conference on Electronics, Communications, and Computers · doi:10.1109/conielecomp.2010.5440759 · Cited by 25
An isolated medium-voltage AC/DC power supply based on multil-cell converter topology
Kashihara, Y., Nemoto, Y., Wang, Q., Fujita, S., Yamada, R., & Okuma, Y. (2017) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/apec.2017.7931002 · Cited by 20
Kieferndorf, F. D., Drofenik, U., Agostini, F., & Canales, F. (2016) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition · doi:10.1109/apec.2016.7467914 · Cited by 12
Distribution transformer size optimization by forecasting customer electricity load
Luze, J. D. (2009) · IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference (REPC) · doi:10.1109/repcon.2009.4919426 · Cited by 11
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- 2013, Vacutap VV Flyer
- 2012, Low-Voltage Fuses Catalogue
- 2017, Preise 2017
- brück, 2016, Informationsportal Regelbare Ortsnetztransformatoren
- 2017, Altivar 61 Active Front End
- 2014, Energy turnaround national research programme 70 SwiSS solid-state SiC transformer
- liserre, 2017, The highly efficient and reliable smart transformer (HEART)
- 2017, Verteiltransformatoren Freiatmend
- 2016, PRT-50 Single-Phase Pad-Mounted 50kVA Power Regulating Transformer
- 2015, PCS100 AVC-20 Active Voltage Conditioner for Voltage Regulation
- 2013, Distribution Voltage Regulators
- kolar, 1989, Measurement and determination of the instantaneous power flow values in three-phase PWM converter systems based on the space vector calculus, Proc 3rd Symp Meas Elect Electron Power Syst (IMEKO), 117
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Extreme Fast Charging of Electric Vehicles: A Technology Overview
Tu, H., Feng, H., Srdic, S., & Lukic, S. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2019.2958709 · Cited by 898
Khalid, M. R., Khan, I., Hameed, S., Asghar, M. S. J., & Ro, J. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3112189 · Cited by 370
Hannan, M. A., Ker, P. J., Lipu, M. S. H., Choi, Z. H., Rahman, M. S. A., Muttaqi, K. M., & Blaabjerg, F. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2967345 · Cited by 339
“It is not easy to implement such adaptions in the existing distribution grids and would be costly to do so [159].”
BackgroundRajendran, G., Vaithilingam, C. A., Misron, N., Naidu, K., & Ahmed, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.103099 · Cited by 247
Grid-Connected Energy Storage Systems: State-of-the-Art and Emerging Technologies
Farivar, G. G., Manalastas, W. W., Tafti, H. D., Ceballos, S., Sanchez-Ruiz, A., Lovell, E. C., Konstantinou, G. S., Townsend, C. D., Srinivasan, M., & Pou, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2022.3183289 · Cited by 214
Metadata
- Authors
- Huber, J. E., & Kolar, J. W.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 317-326
- ISSN
- 1949-3053 (ISSN-L)
- 1949-3061
- OpenAlex
- W2744051429
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 40
- FWCI
- 12.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced DC-DC Converters
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Multilevel Inverters and Converters
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › High-Voltage Power Transmission Systems
- Keywords
- solid-state transformer, distribution networks, medium frequency transformer, power converters, low-frequency transformers, tap changers, hybrid transformer, voltage regulation, power flow control, protection schemes, smart grid, efficiency, applicability assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
