Applicability of solid-state transformers in today's and future distribution grids

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An Overview on Medium Voltage Grid Integration of Ultra-Fast Charging Stations: Current Status and Future Trends

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Solid-State Transformer and Hybrid Transformer With Integrated Energy Storage in Active Distribution Grids: Technical and Economic Comparison, Dispatch, and Control

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Safe deep reinforcement learning-based constrained optimal control scheme for active distribution networks

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Surveying Solid-State Transformer Structures and Controls: Providing Highly Efficient and Controllable Power Flow in Distribution Grids

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Overview of Power Electronic Converter Topologies Enabling Large-Scale Hydrogen Production via Water Electrolysis

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Soft-Switching Solid-State Transformer With Reduced Conduction Loss

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A Review on Power Electronics Technologies for Power Quality Improvement

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A state‐of‐the‐art review on topologies and control techniques of solid‐state transformers for electric vehicle extreme fast charging

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Solid‐state transformers: An overview of the concept, topology, and its applications in the smart grid

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Solid State Transformers: Concepts, Classification, and Control

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A Multiport Power Electronic Transformer Based on Modular Multilevel Converter and Mixed-Frequency Modulation

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A Comprehensive Review on DC Fast Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles: Standards, Power Conversion Technologies, Architectures, Energy Management, and Cybersecurity

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A Novel Technological Review on Fast Charging Infrastructure for Electrical Vehicles: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Research Directions

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An Input-Voltage-Sharing Control Strategy of Input-Series-Output-Parallel Isolated Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for DC Distribution Network

Wang, Y., Guan, Y., Fosso, O. B., Molinas, M., Chen, S., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2021.3107355 · Cited by 75

Analysis of Modulation and Optimal Design Methodology for Half-Bridge Matrix-Based Dual-Active-Bridge (MB-DAB) AC–DC Converter

Saha, J., Gorla, N. B. Y., Subramaniam, A., & Panda, S. K. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2021.3107500 · Cited by 70

Design and Experimental Analysis of 166 kW Medium-Voltage Medium-Frequency Air-Core Transformer for 1:1-DCX Applications

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Analysis of the Performance Limits of 166 kW/7 kV Air- and Magnetic-Core Medium-Voltage Medium-Frequency Transformers for 1:1-DCX Applications

Czyż, P., Guillod, T., Zhang, D., Krismer, F., Huber, J., Färber, R., Franck, C. M., & Kolar, J. W. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2021.3123793 · Cited by 66

Interlinking converters and their contribution to primary regulation: a review

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Machine-Learning-Aided Optimization Framework for Design of Medium-Voltage Grid-Connected Solid-State Transformers

Saha, J., Hazarika, D., Gorla, N. B. Y., & Panda, S. K. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2021.3074408 · Cited by 66

A Power Electronic Traction Transformer Configuration With Low-Voltage IGBTs for Onboard Traction Application

Zhang, J., Liu, J., Zhong, S., Yang, J., Zhao, N., & Zheng, T. Q. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2889107 · Cited by 65

Implementation of Power Balance Control Scheme for a Cascaded Matrix-Based Dual-Active-Bridge (CMB-DAB) MVAC-LVDC Converter

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Design of a Protection Concept for a 100-kVA Hybrid Transformer

Burkard, J., & Biela, J. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2019.2936888 · Cited by 61

A MMC-Based Multiport Power Electronic Transformer With Shared Medium-Frequency Transformer

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An Isolated Modular Multilevel Converter (I-M2C) Topology Based on High-Frequency Link (HFL) Concept

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A Novel Three-Phase Multiobjective Unified Power Quality Conditioner

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Configurations, Power Topologies and Applications of Hybrid Distribution Transformers

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A Hybrid Modular DC Solid-State Transformer Combining High Efficiency and Control Flexibility

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Modular High-Power DC–DC Converter for MVDC Renewable Energy Collection Systems

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An Integrated Solid-State Transformer With High-Frequency Isolation for EV Fast-Charging Applications

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Voltage Distribution in the Windings of Medium-Frequency Transformers Operated With Wide Bandgap Devices

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Review of Solid-State Transformer Applications on Electric Vehicle DC Ultra-Fast Charging Station

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Auxiliary Power Supply for Medium-/High-Voltage and High-Power Solid-State Transformers

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A Multi-port DC Solid-state Transformer for MVDC Integration Interface of Multiple Distributed Energy Sources and DC Loads in Distribution Network

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State-Feedback Control of a Hybrid Distribution Transformer for Power Quality Improvement of a Distribution Grid

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DC Voltage Ripple Optimization of a Single-Stage Solid-State Transformer Based on the Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter

Liu, J., Yue, S., Yao, W., Li, W., & Lü, Z. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2020.2992707 · Cited by 47

Model Predictive Direct Power Control of Three-Port Solid-State Transformer for Hybrid AC/DC Zonal Microgrid Applications

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Comparative Evaluation of MVAC-LVDC SST and Hybrid Transformer Concepts for Future Datacenters

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Compound Control System of Hybrid Distribution Transformer

Liu, Y., Liang, D., Kou, P., Zhang, M., Cai, S., Zhou, K., Liang, Y., Chen, Q., & Yang, C. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2020.3014058 · Cited by 46

Hybrid-Frequency Cascaded Full-Bridge Solid-State Transformer

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Data Driven Coordinated Control of Converters in a Smart Solid State Transformer for Reliable and Automated Distribution Grids

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Control of a Hybrid Modular Solid-State Transformer for Uninterrupted Power Supply Under MVdc Short-Circuit Fault

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A Multiple Modular Isolated DC/DC Converter With Bidirectional Fault Handling and Efficient Energy Conversion for DC Distribution Network

Wang, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Zhu, L., Guan, Y., Zhang, G., Yang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2020.2985232 · Cited by 42

Comparative analysis of services from soft open points using cost–benefit analysis

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Stable and Passive High-Power Dual Active Bridge Converters Interfacing MVDC Grids

Freijedo, F. D., Rodriguez-Diaz, E., & Dujić, D. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2018.2821108 · Cited by 41

Analysis and Control of a Four-Port Megawatt-Level High-Frequency-Bus-Based Power Electronic Transformer

Wen, W., Li, K., Zhao, Z., Yuan, L., Mo, X., & Cai, W. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2021.3075739 · Cited by 40

MVDC Railway Traction Power Systems; State-of-the Art, Opportunities, and Challenges

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Review of a Disruptive Vision of Future Power Grids: A New Path Based on Hybrid AC/DC Grids and Solid-State Transformers

Monteiro, V., Martins, J. S., Fernandes, J. C. A., & Afonso, J. L. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13169423 · Cited by 39

The Modular Current-Fed High-Frequency Isolated Matrix Converters for Wind Energy Conversion

Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, P., Wei, Q., Deng, F., & Zou, Z. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2021.3123204 · Cited by 37

Modular Multilevel Matrix Converter as Solid State Transformer for Medium and High Voltage AC Substations

Bravo, P., Pereda, J. E., Merlin, M., Neira, S., Green, T. C., & Rojas, F. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2022.3166258 · Cited by 37

High-Efficiency Module Design of Solid-State Transformers for Railway Vehicles

Lee, E. S., Park, J. H., Kim, M. Y., & Lee, J. S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification · doi:10.1109/tte.2021.3101733 · Cited by 36

Virtual Synchronous Machine Control for Asynchronous Grid Connections

Wald, F., Tao, Q., & Carne, G. D. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2023.3235149 · Cited by 36

A Leakage-Inductance-Tolerant Commutation Strategy for Isolated AC/AC Converters

Nasir, U., Costabeber, A., Rivera, M., Wheeler, P., & Clare, J. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2018.2861326 · Cited by 35

A Dual-Active-Bridge With Half-Bridge Submodules DC Solid-State Transformer for DC Distribution Networks

Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, L., Guan, Y., Chen, S., Zhang, G., & Yang, L. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2020.2992688 · Cited by 34

Transformative Role of Power Electronics: In solving climate emergency

Singh, R., Paniyil, P., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · IEEE Power Electronics Magazine · doi:10.1109/mpel.2022.3169317 · Cited by 34

DDPG-Based Backstepping Controller for DC Solid State Transformer in DC Microgrid With Constant Power Loads

Meng, X., Jia, Y., Ren, C., Zhao, P., Han, X., Huang, T., & Wang, P. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3184404 · Cited by 34

The Advancement of Solid-State Transformer Technology and Its Operation and Control with Power Grids: A Review

Mollik, M. S., Hannan, M. A., Reza, M. S., Rahman, M. S. A., Lipu, M. S. H., Ker, P. J., Mansor, M., & Muttaqi, K. M. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11172648 · Cited by 34

Hybrid Open Points: An Efficient Tool for Increasing Network Capacity in Distribution Systems

Deakin, M., Sarantakos, I., Greenwood, D., Bialek, J. W., Taylor, P., Ming, W., & Patsios, C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery · doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2021.3136772 · Cited by 33

Towards next generation power grid transformer for renewables: Technology review

Agarwala, A., Tahsin, T., Ali, M. F., Sarker, S. K., Abhi, S. H., Das, S. K., Das, P., Hasan, M., Tasneem, Z., Islam, M. M., et al. (2024) · Engineering Reports · doi:10.1002/eng2.12848 · Cited by 33

A Review on Bidirectional Matrix-Based AC-DC Conversion for Modular Solid-State-Transformers

Saha, J., Gorla, N. B. Y., & Panda, S. K. (2019) · IEEE International Future Energy Electronics Conference (IFEEC) · doi:10.1109/ifeec47410.2019.9015013 · Cited by 33

Modulation of Direct Matrix-Based Dual-Active-Bridge (MB-DAB) AC-DC Converters

Saha, J., Gorla, N. B. Y., & Panda, S. K. (2021) · IEEE ECCE Asia Downunder · doi:10.1109/ecce-asia49820.2021.9479303 · Cited by 33

Voltage-Fed Isolated Matrix-Type AC/DC Converter for Wind Energy Conversion System

Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Zou, Z., Buticchi, G., & Liserre, M. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2022.3140524 · Cited by 33

Design of a Medium Voltage Mobile Utilities Support Equipment based Solid State Transformer (MUSE-SST) with 10 kV SiC MOSFETs for Grid Interconnection

Anurag, A., Acharya, S., Prabowo, Y., Jakka, V. N. S. R., & Bhattacharya, S. (2018) · IEEE International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems (PEDG) · doi:10.1109/pedg.2018.8447766 · Cited by 32

Loss Imbalance and Transient DC-Bias Mitigation in Dual-Active-Bridge DC/DC Converters

Wang, S., Li, C., Wang, K., Zheng, Z., & Li, Y. (2020) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2020.2983870 · Cited by 32

Overview and comparative analysis of bidirectional cascaded modular isolated medium-voltage AC–low-voltage DC (MVAC-LVDC) power conversion for renewable energy rich microgrids

Saha, J., & Panda, S. K. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.113118 · Cited by 32

Applications and Services of Solid-State Transformers in Active Distribution Networks—A Critical Review

Wald, F., Hrishikesan, V. M., Gomis‐Bellmunt, O., Ji, H., Davoudi, M., Bidram, A., Syed, M. H., Joševski, M., Brüske, S., Kumar, C., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2025.3574007 · Cited by 31

Control strategies for Multi-Microgrids islanding operation through Smart Transformers

Couto, M., Lopes, J. P., & Moreira, C. (2019) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2019.105866 · Cited by 30

Hybrid Modular Multilevel Converters for High-AC/Low-DC Medium-Voltage Applications

Motwani, J. K., Liu, J., Burgos, R. P., Zhou, Z., & Dong, D. (2023) · IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/ojpel.2023.3259741 · Cited by 29

500kVA Hybrid Solid State Transformer (HSST): Architecture, Functionality and Control

Huang, Q., Rajendran, S., Sen, S., Guo, Z., Zhang, L., & Huang, A. Q. (2020) · IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) · doi:10.1109/ecce44975.2020.9235435 · Cited by 29

New 40kV / 300kVA Quasi-2-Level Operated 5-Level Flying Capacitor SiC “Super-Switch” IPM

Czyż, P., Papamanolis, P., Guillod, T., Krismer, F., & Kolar, J. W. (2019) · International Conference on Power Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE-ECCE Asia) · doi:10.23919/icpe2019-ecceasia42246.2019.8796998 · Cited by 28

Quasi-Proportional-Resonant Control for the Hybrid Distribution Transformer With LCL-Type Converters

Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Liang, D., Jin, H., Li, S., Jia, S., Li, J., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Zhou, K., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2022.3187061 · Cited by 28

Integration of PV Panels and EV Chargers on the Modular Multilevel Converter Based SST

Su, Y.-C., Li, H.-M., Chen, P.-L., & Cheng, P.-T. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications · doi:10.1109/tia.2022.3189969 · Cited by 28

Control of Three-Phase Solid-State Transformer With Phase-Separated Configuration for Minimized Energy Storage Capacitors

Isobe, T., Barrera-Cárdenas, R., He, Z., Zou, Y., Terazono, K., & Tadano, H. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2019.2923785 · Cited by 28

Operation and Hierarchical Coordination Control of Integrated Hybrid Distribution Transformer under Grid Fault Conditions

Hu, J., Lai, J., Yin, X., Yin, X., Zhou, K., Tang, A., & He, Q. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2024.3388721 · Cited by 27

A Three-Phase Modular Isolated Matrix Converter

Nasir, U., Costabeber, A., Wheeler, P. W., Rivera, M. E., & Clare, J. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2019.2909681 · Cited by 26

Solid-State Transformer for Power Distribution Grid Based on a Hybrid Switched-Capacitor LLC-SRC Converter: Analysis, Design, and Experimentation

da Silva, R. L., Borges, V. L. F., Possamai, C. E., & Barbi, I. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3013188 · Cited by 26

Ripple Voltage Suppression and Control Strategy for CHB-Based Solid-State Transformer

Xiao, F., Tu, C., Ge, Q., Zhou, K. S., Guo, Q., & Zheng, L. X. (2019) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2019.2959786 · Cited by 25

Sustainability assessment of novel transformer technologies in distribution grid applications

Hunziker, C., Lehmann, J., Keller, T., Heim, T., & Schulz, N. (2020) · Sustainable Energy Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2020.100314 · Cited by 25

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Mixed AC and DC Power Distribution Network for Integrating Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation

Gao, S., Jia, H., & Marnay, C. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2931985 · Cited by 24

Low-Frequency Voltage Ripples Decoupling With Switched-Capacitor Conversion for an MMC-Based SST

Bu, Z., Teng, J., Sun, X., Pan, Y., & Pan, Y. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2021.3121715 · Cited by 24

Harmonic Resonance Suppression With Inductive Power Filtering Method: Case Study of Large- Scale Photovoltaic Plant in China

Wang, S., Li, Y., Zhang, M., Peng, Y., Tian, Y., Lin, G., & Chang, F. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/tpel.2023.3241108 · Cited by 24

Four‐port solid‐state transformer based on hybrid MMC with enhanced dual half‐bridge submodules

Li, D., Ji, Z., Sun, Y., Zhao, J., & Zhang, C. (2020) · IET Power Electronics · doi:10.1049/iet-pel.2019.1304 · Cited by 24

Dynamic Modeling and Closed-Loop Control of a Solid-State Transformer (SST) Based on Series Resonant Converter (SRC)

Bhawal, S., Chakraborty, S. S., & Hatua, K. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics · doi:10.1109/jestpe.2021.3088238 · Cited by 23

Coordinated Grid-Forming Controller for Solid-State Transformer-Enabled PV Farms

Elshenawy, M. A., Radwan, A. A. A., & Mohamed, Y. A. I. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion · doi:10.1109/tec.2023.3291661 · Cited by 23

A Decentralized Optimal Operation of AC/DC Hybrid Microgrids Equipped With Power Electronic Transformer

Dong, L., Zhang, T., Pu, T., Chen, N., & Sun, Y. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2949378 · Cited by 23

Multiplexing Power Converters for Cost-Effective and Flexible Soft Open Points

Deakin, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2023.3270934 · Cited by 22

Comparison between conventional and solid state transformers in smart distribution grids

Londero, R. P., de Mello, A. P. C., & da Silva, G. S. (2019) · IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference - Latin America (ISGT Latin America) · doi:10.1109/isgt-la.2019.8895327 · Cited by 22

Design and operation of Hybrid Multi-Terminal Soft Open Points using Feeder Selector Switches for flexible distribution system interconnection

Deakin, M., Taylor, P., Bialek, J. W., & Ming, W. (2022) · Electric Power Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108516 · Cited by 22

Solid-State Transformers in Modern Distribution Grids: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Topologies, Key Technologies, Applications, and Challenges

Zhang, J., Wen, C., Wang, D., Chen, Y., Liu, S., Gao, T., & Li, X. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15132839

Solid-State Transformers: Fundamentals, Topologies, Applications, and Future Challenges

Khan, S., Rahman, K., Tariq, M., Hameed, S., Alamri, B. R., & Babu, T. S. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14010319 · Cited by 29

Solid state transformer in energy conversion and distribution: a structured design framework, four-dimensional taxonomy, control strategies, and deployment roadmap

Shaukat, N., Islam, M. R., Shah, S. A. A., Khan, J. A., & Al-Hysam, A. (2026) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.101954

Advance technology using solid state transformer in power grids

Poojari, M., & Joshi, P. M. (2021) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.107 · Cited by 6

A review on solid-state transformer: A breakthrough technology for future smart distribution grids

Mishra, D. K., Ghadi, M. J., Li, L., Hossain, M. J., Zhang, J., Ray, P. K., & Mohanty, A. (2021) · International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems · doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107255 · Cited by 116