Toward secure blockchain-enabled internet of vehicles: optimizing consensus management using reputation and contract theory
Open accessAbstract
In the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), data sharing among vehicles is critical for improving driving safety and enhancing vehicular services. To ensure security and traceability of data sharing, existing studies utilize efficient delegated proof-of-stake consensus scheme as hard security solutions to establish blockchain-enabled IoV (BIoV). However, as the miners are selected from miner candidates by stake-based voting, defending against voting collusion between the candidates and compromised high-stake vehicles becomes challenging. To address the challenge, in this paper, we propose a two-stage soft security enhancement solution: 1) miner selection and 2) block verification. In the first stage, we design a reputation-based voting scheme to ensure secure miner selection. This scheme evaluates candidates' reputation using both past interactions and recommended opinions from other vehicles. The candidates with high reputation are selected to be active miners and standby miners. In the second stage, to prevent internal collusion among active miners, a newly generated block is further verified and audited by standby miners. To incentivize the participation of the standby miners in block verification, we adopt the contract theory to model the interactions between active miners and standby miners, where block verification security and delay are taken into consideration. Numerical results based on a real-world dataset confirm the security and efficiency of our schemes for data sharing in BIoV.
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A miner (or group of miners) tends to increase their revenue through selfish mining by strategically withholding and releasing blocks into the network.
“A miner (or group of miners) tends to increase their revenue through selfish mining by strategically withholding and releasing blocks into the network [36].”
From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Kang, J., Xiong, Z., Niyato, D., Ye, D., Kim, D. I., & Zhao, J.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Guangdong University of Technology (CN)
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 2906-2920
- ISSN
- 0018-9545 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-9359
- OpenAlex
- W2890103652
- Cited by
- 604
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 105 · 2022: 111 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 32
- FWCI
- 106.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (publishedVersion)
- DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Singapore MOE Tier 1 (2017-T1-002-007 RG122/17)
- MOE Tier 2 (MOE2014-T2-2-015 ARC4/15, NRF2015-NRF-ISF001-2277)
- EMA Energy Resilience (NRF2017EWT-EP003-041)
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Korean Government (2017R1A2B2003953, 2014R1A5A1011478)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Keywords
- consensus management, block verification, contract theory, delegated proof of stake, blockchain security
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