Blockchain for smart cities: A review of architectures, integration trends and future research directions
Abstract
Abstract In recent years, smart city has emerged as a new paradigm to provide high quality facilities to the citizens by dynamically optimising the city resources. Smart cities can offer finest services for boosting the daily life of citizens on healthcare, transportation, energy consumption, and education. However, the concept of smart city is still evolving and despite its potential vision, there are proliferating security challenges. Blockchain has the potential to promote the development of smart cities owing to its good properties such as auditability, transparency, immutability and decentralization. Therefore, this paper presents the state-of-the-art blockchain technology to solve the security issues of smart cities. Initially, the paper throws light on the background knowledge and then surveys the utility of blockchain in various smart communities such as healthcare, transportation, smart grid, supply chain management, financial systems and data center networks. Finally, some future research directions are identified through extensive literature survey on blockchain based smart city systems.
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Computer vision-based algorithms can identify and monitor vehicles on the road, providing data on traffic density and flow.
“Computer vision-based algorithms can identify and monitor vehicles on the road, providing data on traffic density and flow [26].”
From Visual Detection of Traffic Incident through Automatic Monitoring of Vehicle Activities (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
Blockchain can facilitate electricity trading between charging stations and electric vehicles.
“Thus, the technology can facilitate electricity trading between charging stations and electric vehicles (Bhushan et al. 2020).”
From Blockchain technology in the smart city: A bibliometric review (2022) · cites this paper as Bhushan et al. 2020
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- Authors
- Bhushan, B., Khamparia, A., Sagayam, K. M., Sharma, S. K., Ahad, M. A., & Debnath, N. C.
- Affiliations
- Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra (IN)
- Lovely Professional University (IN)
- Karunya University (IN)
- Jamia Hamdard (IN)
- Eastern International University (VN)
- Corresponding author
- Bhushan, Bharat
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sustainable Cities and Society
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 61
- Pages
- 102360
- ISSN
- 2210-6707 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3040649972
- Semantic Scholar
- 1a415ec978c083c81148ad9f29a7a807c1acd9f4
- Cited by
- 353
- References
- 232
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 11
- FWCI
- 50.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sustainable Cities and Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Smart Cities and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Keywords
- blockchain, smart cities, smart city security, blockchain architecture, health care, transportation, smart grid, supply chain management, financial system, data center networks, decentralization (distributed systems), immutability, transparency
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