Nature, nurture, and development: from evangelism through science toward policy and practice
Abstract
During the second half of the 20th century there was an immense increase in both empirical findings on, and conceptual understanding of, the effects of nature, nurture, and developmental processes on psychological functioning-both normal and abnormal. Unfortunately, the good science has also been accompanied by excessive polarizing claims and by unwarranted extrapolations. This article provides a summary review of the real gains in knowledge, outlines some of the misleading claims, and notes the potential for research and for science-led improvements in policies and practice. The need to bring about a better interpretation of genetic, psychosocial, and developmental research strategies and theoretical concepts is emphasized.
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The associations observed between SES and personality are interpreted as the product of bidirectional influences over time.
“We interpret the associations observed between SES and personality as the product of bidirectional influences over time, consistent with life-course epidemiologic models of risk clustering (51) and nature-nurture interplay (52).”
From Personality, Socioeconomic Status, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States (2010) · cites this paper as [52]
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Self-citationZiglar, Z. (1995) · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Developing brain and in utero cocaine exposure: Effects on neural ontogeny
Mayes, L. C. (1999) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579499002278 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Myth of the First Three Years
Bruer, J. T. (1999) · Cited by 132 · see citing works
A Quantitative Trait Locus Associated With Cognitive Ability in Children
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Early Adversity and the Development of Stress Reactivity and Regulation
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Champion, L. A., Goodall, G., & Rutter, M. L. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170003614x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationFarrer, L. A. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550160069041 · Cited by 124 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…particular alleles are responsible for thalassaemia (sickle cell disease; see Weatherall & Clegg, 2001); and, for reasons that remain ill understood, the apolipoprotein E4 seems to carry less of a risk for Alzheimer’s disease in individuals of African or Hispanic heritage (Farrer et al., 1997).”
BackgroundNeural organization and plasticity of language
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Autism and Congenital Blindness
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Neurodevelopment and Adult Psychopathology
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The relationship code: Deciphering genetic and social patterns in adolescent development
Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Hetherington, E. M., & Plomin, R. J. (2000) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Comorbidity: concepts, claims and choices
Rutter, M. L. (1997) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.190 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationPerinatal origin of adult self‐destructive behavior
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The Road to Improvement: Reflections on School Effectiveness
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Changing youth in a changing society, patterns of adolescent development and disorder
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Inside the Brain: Revolutionary Discoveries of How the Mind Works
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The Organization and Reorganization of Human Speech Perception
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Food cravers: Characteristics of those who binge
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Neuroticism, life events and mental health: Evidence for person-environment correlation
Van Os, J., Park, S. B. G., & Jones, P. B. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.40.s72 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Genetic Factors in Child Psychiatric Disorders—I. A Review of Research Strategies
Rutter, M. L., Bolton, P., Harrington, R., Couteur, A. S. L., Macdonald, H., & Simonoff, E. A. (1990) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb02272.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationReview of Maternal Deprivation Reassessed. 2nd ed.
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Did genomic imprinting and X chromosome inactivation arise from stochastic expression?
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RELATIONSHIP OF MATERNAL AND PERINATAL CONDITIONS TO EVENTUAL ADOLESCENT SUICIDE
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Genetics and genomics of infectious disease susceptibility
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Early Experience and the Life Path
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Psychiatric genetics: back to the future
Owen, M. J., Cardno, A. G., & O’Donovan, M. C. (2000) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000702 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Rutter, M. L. (1989) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/016502548901200101 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationGenomic imprinting in the brain
Keverne, E. B. (1997) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80023-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Understanding individual differences in environmental-risk exposure.
Rutter, M. L., Champion, L., Quinton, D., et al. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10176-002 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidemiology in neurobiological research: exemplified by the influenza-schizophrenia theory
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Transition mechanisms in child development : the longitudinal perspective
Ribaupierre, A. D. (1989) · Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Separation experiences: A new look at an old topic
Rutter, M. L. (1979) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80113-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom genotype to phenotype: genetics and medical practice in the new millennium
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The puzzle of nongenetic variance
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Sensitive and Vulnerable Periods in the Development of the Visual System
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The positive effects of schooling
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
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Functional neuroimaging in child psychiatry.
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Psychiatric genetics: Research challenges and pathways forward
Rutter, M. L. (1994) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320540305 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationWhither behavioral genetics? A developmental psychopathological perspective.
Rutter, M. L., Silberg, J. L., & Simonoff, E. A. (1993) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10131-022 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationRace and IQ: The limits of probability
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Genetics of depression: a social science perspective
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Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2008) · The Innate Mind, Volume 3 · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.003.0019 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Personality, Socioeconomic Status, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States
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Life trajectories and burden of adversity: mapping the developmental profiles of suicide mortality
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Hulgaard, D., Dehlholm‐Lambertsen, G., & Rask, C. U. (2019) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12199 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rutter, M.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Psychiatry, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre , De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF ,
- Corresponding author
- Rutter, Michael
- ORCID
- Rutter, Michael
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-01-01
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-21
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8624
- OpenAlex
- W2110729589
- Semantic Scholar
- 717976ef254f8702429c7202ddd17958eba5dd0d
- Cited by
- 309
- References
- 174
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 26.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Child Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- nature versus nurture, developmental processes, genetic factors, psychosocial factors, psychological functioning, abnormal psychology
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Forecasting, Health Policy, Humans, Infant, Personality Development, Research, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
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