Parenting: A genetic-epidemiologic perspective
Abstract
Objective To understand the relation between parenting and later psychopathology, it is important to clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in both the elicitation and the provision of parenting behavior. Method A 16-item version of the Parental Bonding Instrument was administered to 1) 606 fathers and 848 mothers of an epidemiologic sample of adult female-female twin pairs, who reported on their parenting of their twins; 2) the twins (both members of 546 monozygotic and 390 dizygotic pairs), who reported on the parenting they had received from their father and mother; 3) co-twins from these pairs, who reported on the parenting provided by their father and mother to their twin sister; and 4) members of the adult twin pairs (145 monozygotic and 117 dizygotic) who both had children, who reported on the parenting they provided to their offspring. The data were subjected to model fitting decomposing three sources of variance: additive genetic factors; family, or common, environment; and an individual's unique environment. Results Responses to the Parental Bonding Instrument produced three factors: parental warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. According to parents, these factors were largely a common environmental experience for their children. Responses from twins, however, indicated that genetic factors played a substantial role in the elicitation of warmth from parents and a more modest role in influencing parental protectiveness and authoritarianism. Wh…
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Parental bonding was operationalized using a three-factor model comprising Care, Protectiveness (behavioral control), and Authoritarianism, as proposed by Kendler (1996) and empirically supported by Tsaousis et al. (2012).
“In the present study, parental bonding was operationalized using a three-factor model comprising Care, Protectiveness (behavioral control), and Authoritarianism, as proposed by Kendler (1996) and empirically supported by Tsaousis et al. (2012).”
From Childhood and Adult Playfulness: Links with Well-Being and Interpersonal Relationships (2026) · cites this paper as Kendler, 1996
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“In the present study, parental bonding was operationalized using a three-factor model comprising Care, Protectiveness (behavioral control), and Authoritarianism, as proposed by Kendler (1996) and empirically supported by Tsaousis et al. (2012).”
- Authors
- Kendler, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kenneth S. Kendler
- ORCID
- Kenneth S. Kendler
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1996-01-01
- Volume
- 153
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-20
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2338984078
- Cited by
- 313
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 18.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k05mh001277-05)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA009095, AA-09095)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-01277, R01MH040828, MH 40828)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- parenting, genetic epidemiology, parental warmth, authoritarian parenting, Parental Bonding Instrument, monozygotic and dizygotic twins, family environment, psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Authoritarianism, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Maternal Behavior, Models, Genetic, Object Attachment, Parent-Child Relations, Paternal Behavior, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Temperament, Twins, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Parenting
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