Cited by 2,694Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Abuse and Trauma

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Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies

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Hawker, David S. J., Boulton, Michael J.·2000·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/1469-7610.00629

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Abstract

Cross-sectional quantitative designs are often used to investigate whether peer victimization is positively related to psychosocial maladjustment. This paper presents a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies, published between 1978 and 1997, of the association of peer victimization with psychosocial maladjustment. Mean effect sizes were calculated for the association between peer victimization and each form of maladjustment (depression, loneliness, generalized and social anxiety, and global and social self-worth) assessed. The results suggested that victimization is most strongly related to depression, and least strongly related to anxiety. There was no evidence that victimization is more strongly related to social than to psychological forms of maladjustment. Effect sizes were stronger when the same informants were used to assess both victimization and maladjustment than when different informants were used. There were some design limitations to the studies reviewed, but all together their results provide a strong background for more complex research into the course and treatment of victims' distress.

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“…symptoms (Copeland, Wolke, Angold, & Costello, 2013; Dake, Price, & Telljohann, 2003; Gini & Pozzoli, 2009; Gini, Pozzoli, Lenzi, & Vieno, 2014; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Kim & Leventhal, 2008; Klomek, Sourander, & Gould, 2010; Reijntjes, Kamphuis, Prinzie, & Telch, 2010; Rigby, 2003; Ttofi,…”
Peer victimization, aggression, and depression symptoms in preschoolers
Krygsman, A., & Vaillancourt, T. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.09.006 · Cited by 46
The reciprocal relationship between peer victimization and internalizing problems in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Youguo, L. I. A. O., Jianwen, C. H. E. N., ZHANG, Y., & Cong, P. E. N. G. (2022) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2022.00828 · Cited by 42
School Attachment Among Taiwanese Adolescents: The Roles of Individual Characteristics, Peer Relationships, and Teacher Well-Being
Wei, H.-S., & Chen, J. (2009) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9529-3 · Cited by 52
Bullying by definition: an examination of definitional components of bullying
Goldsmid, S., & Howie, P. M. (2013) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2013.844414 · Cited by 40
Importance of Addressing Anxiety in Youth With Functional Abdominal Pain: Suggested Guidelines for Physicians
Cunningham, N. R., Lynch‐Jordan, A., Mezoff, A. G., Farrell, M. K., Cohen, M. B., & Kashikar‐Zuck, S. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e31828b3681 · Cited by 39
Children’s Attitudes About an Overweight or Non-overweight Weight Victim
Nabors, L., Thomas, M., Vaughn, L. M., Adams, R. E., Amaral, J., & Olsen, B. T. (2010) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-010-9203-3 · Cited by 39
“Verbal victimization is very common among children and has a negative impact on psychosocial functioning (Adams and Bukowski 2008; Hawker and Boulton 2000).”
Background
Peer victimization among children and adolescents with anxiety disorders
Cohen, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-014-0479-x · Cited by 39
“The bulk of the literature on peer victimization and anxiety used school-based samples [8].”
BackgroundResult
The Relation Between Peer Victimization and Adolescents' Well‐Being: The Moderating Role of Ethnicity Within Context
Mehari, K. R., & Farrell, A. D. (2013) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12095 · Cited by 39
Concurrent and short‐term longitudinal associations between peer victimization and school and recess liking during middle childhood
Boulton, M. J., Chau, C., Whitehand, C., Amataya, K., & Murray, L. (2009) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709908x336131 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Overt and Relational Victimization in Latinos and European Americans: Measurement Equivalence Across Ethnicity, Gender, and Grade Level in Early Adolescent Groups
Buhs, E. S., McGinley, M. M., & Toland, M. D. (2010) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431609350923 · Cited by 44
“…number of published selfreport instruments tap victimization constructs (e.g., Crick & Bigbee, 1998; Dill, Vernberg, Fonagy, Twemlow, & Gamm, 2004; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Hodges & Perry, 1999; Mynard & Joseph, 2000; Nishina & Juvonen, 2005; Sandstrom & Cillessen, 2003; Schwartz, Gorman,…”
Method
Longitudinal investigation of the relationship between bullying and psychosocial adjustment
Stavrinides, P., Γεωργίου, Σ. Ν., Nikiforou, M., & Kiteri, E. (2011) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2011.628545 · Cited by 39
“Hawker and Boulton (2000) and Bond et al. (2001) showed that victimization during childhood is as important predictor of anxiety and depression later in adulthood.”
Background
Body mass index and victimization during adolescence: The mediation role of depressive symptoms and self-esteem
Giletta, M., Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Larsen, J. K. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.06.006 · Cited by 39
Peer victimization and social‐emotional outcomes: The role of teacher and peer support
Jenkins, L. N., Fredrick, S. S., & Wenger, J. L. (2017) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21741 · Cited by 39
Bullying experience in urban adolescents: Prevalence and correlations with health-related quality of life and psychological issues
Ngo, A. T., Nguyen, L. H., Dang, A. K., Hoang, M. T., Nguyen, T. H. T., Vu, G. T., Do, H., Tran, B. X., Latkin, C. A., Ho, R., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252459 · Cited by 56
Bullying in young people with a history of specific language impairment (SLI)
Knox, E., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2007) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2007.24.4.130 · Cited by 40
Development and validation of the multidimensional offline and online peer victimization scale
Sumter, S. R., Valkenburg, P. M., Baumgartner, S. E., Peter, J., & van der Hof, S. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.042 · Cited by 37
Systematic review and meta-analysis of effects of community-delivered positive youth development interventions on violence outcomes
Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Dickson, K., Fletcher, A., Thomas, J., Hinds, K., Campbell, R. M., Murphy, S., & Bonell, C. P. (2016) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206132 · Cited by 38
“4 Violence is subject to marked social inequalities 5 and is associated with an increased risk of: physical health problems; 6 engaging in health risk behaviours such as substance use; 7 – 9 long-term emotional, behavioural and mental health problems 6 10 11 and self-harm and suicide.”
Background
Peer Victimization, Internalizing Problems, and the Buffering Role of Friendship Quality: Disaggregating Between- and Within-Person Associations
Bernasco, E. L., der Graaff, J. V., Meeus, W., & Branje, S. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01619-z · Cited by 38
“Adolescents who reported more peer victimization than others also experienced more internalizing problems, both when assessed concurrently (Hawker & Boulton, 2000) and predictively (Reijntjes et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResult
Friendship, Negative Peer Experiences, and Daily Positive and Negative Mood
Reavis, R. D., Donohue, L., & Upchurch, M. C. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12123 · Cited by 38
The Association Between Gender, Age, and Acculturation, and Depression and Overt and Relational Victimization Among Mexican American Elementary Students
Bauman, S. A. (2008) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431608317609 · Cited by 38
“…among researchers that being victimized by bullying is linked to depression in children (Craig, 1998; Fekkes, Pijpers, & Verloove-Vanhorick, 2004; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Kumpulainen et al., 1998; Kumpulainen, Räsänen, & Puura, 2001; Olweus, 1993; Rigby, 2004; Salmon, James, & Smith, 1998; Slee,…”
Long-term psychosocial consequences of peer victimization: From elementary to high school.
Smithyman, T. F., Fireman, G. D., & Asher, Y. M. (2014) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000053 · Cited by 38
“A metaanalysis of 23 studies by Hawker and Boulton (2000) considered a series of internalizing psychological adjustment indices (e.g., depression, anxiety, self-esteem, loneliness) in relation to peer victimization.”
BackgroundInfluential
The Interrelationship between Family Violence, Adolescent Violence, and Adolescent Violent Victimization: An Application and Extension of the Cultural Spillover Theory in China
Xia, Y., Li, S., & Liu, T. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15020371 · Cited by 49
“Children who experience violence may suffer from psychological problems, including depression, anxiety [3], and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [4], as well as display externalizing behaviors [5,6].”
Background
Compliance in autism: Self-report in action
Chandler, R. J., Russell, A., & Maras, K. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318795479 · Cited by 40
Navigating the social world: The role of social competence, peer victimisation and friendship quality in the development of social anxiety in childhood
Pickard, H., Happe, F. G. E., & Mandy, W. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.09.002 · Cited by 46
“Several cross-sectional and prospective studies have reported associations between peer victimisation (Hawker & Boulton, 2000), in particular relational victimisation, and SA across childhood and adolescence (Dempsey, Sulkowski, Nichols, & Storch, 2009; La Greca & Harrison, 2005; Siegel, La Greca,…”
Background
Emotion regulation accounts for the relation between ADHD and peer victimization
Fogleman, N. D., Slaughter, K. E., Rosen, P. J., Leaberry, K. D., & Walerius, D. M. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1297-8 · Cited by 45
School Victimization Among Adolescents. An Analysis from an Ecological Perspective
Martínez–Ferrer, B., Ruiz, D. M., Amador, L. V., & Orford, J. (2011) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/in2011v20n2a3 · Cited by 44
“Being victim of school violence is defined as suffering physical, verbal, and psychological violence, perpetrated by school peers, particularly in places with little adult supervision (Graham, 2006; Hawker and Boulton, 2000).”
Background
Associations between Maternal Physical Discipline and Peer Victimization among Hong Kong Chinese Children: The Moderating Role of Child Aggression
Duong, M. T., Schwartz, D., Chang, L., Kelly, B. M., & Tom, S. R. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9322-4 · Cited by 38
“…that some behavior problems antedate and con- tribute to victimization, but the experience of victimization also exerts a negative influence on children’s psychosocial adjustment (Graham and Juvonen 1998; Hanish and Guerra 2002; Hawker and Boulton 2000; Hodges and Perry 1999; Schwartz et al. 1998).”
Background
Bidirectional longitudinal associations of perpetration and victimization of peer bullying with psychosocial problems in adolescents: A cross-lagged panel study
Busch, V., Laninga‐Wijnen, L., van Yperen, T. A., Schrijvers, A. J. P., & de Leeuw, J. R. J. (2015) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034315604018 · Cited by 38
“Much research on the topic often did not utilize a longitudinal design (Hawker & Boulton, 2000) and/or was not performed specifically in adolescents (Wolke, Woods, Bloomfield, & Karstadt, 2000).”
Background
Effects of Defending: The Longitudinal Relations Among Peer‐perceived Defending of Victimized Peers, Victimization, and Liking
Meter, D. J., & Card, N. A. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12129 · Cited by 37
Parents' beliefs about peer victimization and children's socio-emotional development
Troop‐Gordon, W., & Gerardy, H. (2011) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.10.001 · Cited by 40
Children’s effortful control and academic achievement: do relational peer victimization and classroom participation operate as mediators?
Valiente, C., Swanson, J., Lemery‐Chalfant, K., & Berger, R. H. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.05.005 · Cited by 43
A Multilevel Examination of Peer Victimization and Bullying Preventions in Schools
Jeong, S., & Lee, B. H. (2013) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1155/2013/735397 · Cited by 37
INDIRECT EFFECTS IN THE PEER VICTIMIZATION-ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT RELATION: THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC SELF-CONCEPT AND GENDER
Jenkins, L. N., & Demaray, M. K. (2015) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21824 · Cited by 37
“The negative social and emotional impact of victimization has received ample attention in the literature (Hawker & Boulton, 2000), but less is known about the academic impact and, especially, why victimization can have a negative impact on academic…”
A Multi-Rater Study on Being Teased Among Children/Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Their Typically Developing Siblings
Nowell, K. P., Brewton, C. M., & Goin‐Kochel, R. P. (2014) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357614522292 · Cited by 37
“…with an increased likelihood of being bullied, including displays of anxiety, social withdrawal, internalizing behaviors, social-skill deficits, and provocative behaviors (e.g., impulsive behaviors, emotional dysregulation; Card & Hodges, 2008; Fox & Boulton, 2005; Hawker & Boulton, 2000).”
Background
The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes
Bonell, C. P., Dickson, K., Hinds, K., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Stansfield, C., Fletcher, A., Thomas, J., Lester, K., Oliver, E., Murphy, S., et al. (2016) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr04050 · Cited by 36
Peer victimization in adolescence: Concordance between measures and associations with global and daily internalizing problems☆
Pouwels, J. L., Lansu, T. A. M., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.004 · Cited by 43
The Interplay among BMI z-Score, Peer Victmization, and Self-Concept in Outpatient Children and Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity
Bacchini, D., Licenziati, M. R., Affuso, G., Garrasi, A., Corciulo, N., Driul, D., Tanas, R., Fiumani, P. M., Pietro, E. D., Pesce, S., et al. (2017) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2016.0139 · Cited by 37

Authors: Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J.
Affiliations: Warneford Hospital (GB)
Keele University (GB)
ORCID: Boulton, Michael J.
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 441-455
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00629
OpenAlex: W1968712199
Cited by: 2,694
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 183 · 2013: 210 · 2012: 186
FWCI: 30.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1260 d)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: British Psychological Society
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: peer victimization, psychosocial maladjustment, depression, loneliness, social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, self-worth
MeSH terms: Adjustment Disorders, Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, General Adaptation Syndrome, Humans, Internal-External Control, Peer Group, Social Adjustment, Crime Victims

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Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies

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