Cited by 2,694Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Abuse and Trauma

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Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies

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Hawker, David S. J., Boulton, Michael J.·2000·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/1469-7610.00629

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Abstract

Cross-sectional quantitative designs are often used to investigate whether peer victimization is positively related to psychosocial maladjustment. This paper presents a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies, published between 1978 and 1997, of the association of peer victimization with psychosocial maladjustment. Mean effect sizes were calculated for the association between peer victimization and each form of maladjustment (depression, loneliness, generalized and social anxiety, and global and social self-worth) assessed. The results suggested that victimization is most strongly related to depression, and least strongly related to anxiety. There was no evidence that victimization is more strongly related to social than to psychological forms of maladjustment. Effect sizes were stronger when the same informants were used to assess both victimization and maladjustment than when different informants were used. There were some design limitations to the studies reviewed, but all together their results provide a strong background for more complex research into the course and treatment of victims' distress.

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“2001) and it is associated with a wide range of psychosomatic adjustment problems such as loneliness, depression, and suicidal risk (Gini and Pozzoli 2009; Hawker and Boulton 2000).”
Beyond the Individual: The Impact of Ethnic Context and Classroom Behavioral Norms on Victims' Adjustment.
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“adolescence, aggression, aggressive behavior, defenders, empathy, peer victimization, social cognitive processes The negative psychological and health consequences of peer aggression in schools are well documented (Hawker & Boulton, 2000).”
Background
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“Concern over the impact of bullying on the psychosocial adjustment of children and adolescents (Card & Hodges, 2008; Hawker & Boulton, 2000) has led researchers to develop and evaluate a number of whole-school antibullying programs targeting traditional forms of bullying over the past several…”
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“The bullying literature typically reports externalizing problems among bullies and internalizing problems among victims (Ivarsson et al., 2005; Hawker and Boulton, 2000; Reijntjes et al., 2010; Hodges and Perry, 1999; Cook et al., 2010; Luukkonen et al., 2010a, 2010b; Sourander et al., 2000; Kumpulainen and Räsänen, 2…”
Background
Bullying and school safety
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Perceptions and correlates of peer‐victimization and bullying
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Cross-national time trends in bullying behaviour 1994–2006: findings from Europe and North America
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Self-citation
The expression and regulation of negative emotions: Risk factors for young children's peer victimization
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“…and Joseph, 1995; Grills and Ollendick, 2002; Neary and Joseph, 1994; Olweus, 1993; Rigby and Slee, 1991; Slee and Rigby, 1993; Sharp, 1996). hawker and Boulton (2000), carrying out a metaanalysis of many studies, found that victimization was most strongly related to depression, moderately…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Peer Victimization and Rejection: Investigation of an Integrative Model of Effects on Emotional, Behavioral, and Academic Adjustment in Early Adolescence
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Peer victimisation during adolescence and its impact on depression in early adulthood: prospective cohort study in the United Kingdom
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Outcomes From a School-Randomized Controlled Trial of Steps to Respect: A Bullying Prevention Program
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“…victims of bullying evidence more loneliness and depression, greater school avoidance, more suicidal ideation, and less self-esteem than their nonbullied peers (Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpelä, Rantanen, & Laippala, 2001; Kochenderfer & Ladd, 1996; Olweus, 1992; Rigby, 2001).”
Background
Prevalence of bullying and aggressive behavior and their relationship to mental health problems among 12- to 15-year-old Norwegian adolescents
Undheim, A. M., & Sund, A. M. (2010) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0131-7 · Cited by 191
“The results of meta-analyses have shown victimization to be correlated with internalizing problems [ 15 ].”
Background
Peer Responses to Stuttering in the Preschool Setting
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Self esteem: the costs and causes of low self worth
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The use of coping strategies by Danish children classed as bullies, victims, bully/victims, and not involved, in response to different (hypothetical) types of bullying
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Authors: Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J.
Affiliations: Warneford Hospital (GB)
Keele University (GB)
ORCID: Boulton, Michael J.
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 441-455
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00629
OpenAlex: W1968712199
Cited by: 2,694
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 183 · 2013: 210 · 2012: 186
FWCI: 30.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1260 d)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: British Psychological Society
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: peer victimization, psychosocial maladjustment, depression, loneliness, social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, self-worth
MeSH terms: Adjustment Disorders, Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, General Adaptation Syndrome, Humans, Internal-External Control, Peer Group, Social Adjustment, Crime Victims

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Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies

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