Cited by 2,694Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Abuse and Trauma

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Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies

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Hawker, David S. J., Boulton, Michael J.·2000·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/1469-7610.00629

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Abstract

Cross-sectional quantitative designs are often used to investigate whether peer victimization is positively related to psychosocial maladjustment. This paper presents a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies, published between 1978 and 1997, of the association of peer victimization with psychosocial maladjustment. Mean effect sizes were calculated for the association between peer victimization and each form of maladjustment (depression, loneliness, generalized and social anxiety, and global and social self-worth) assessed. The results suggested that victimization is most strongly related to depression, and least strongly related to anxiety. There was no evidence that victimization is more strongly related to social than to psychological forms of maladjustment. Effect sizes were stronger when the same informants were used to assess both victimization and maladjustment than when different informants were used. There were some design limitations to the studies reviewed, but all together their results provide a strong background for more complex research into the course and treatment of victims' distress.

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Lucas‐Molina, B., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., & Giménez‐Dasí, M. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12453 · Cited by 33
To what extent is the association between disability and mental health in adolescents mediated by bullying? A causal mediation analysis
King, T. L., Aitken, Z., Milner, A. J., Emerson, E., Priest, N., Karahalios, A., Kavanagh, A. M., & Blakely, T. A. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy154 · Cited by 34
Bullying victimization and depression among young Chinese adults with physical disability: Roles of gratitude and self-compassion
Zhang, H., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.035 · Cited by 37
Are Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games healthy or not and why? Preliminary support for a Compensatory Social Interaction model
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Doing Nothing is Sometimes Worse: Comparing Avoidant versus Approach Coping Strategies with Peer Victimization and Their Association to Depression and Suicide Ideation
Benatov, J., Klomek, A. B., Barzilay, S., Apter, A., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Hoven, C. W., Sarchiapone, M., Balazs, J., Bobes, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220.2020.1738941 · Cited by 37
“Peer victimization is a clear case of failed social belonging, and has been associated with a sense of loneliness (Hawker & Boulton, 2000) and a flawed sense of belonging to the peer group (Holt & Espelage, 2003).”
Background
The association of relational and physical victimization with hostile attribution bias, emotional distress, and depressive symptoms: A cross‐cultural study
Kawabata, Y., Crick, N. R., & Hamaguchi, Y. (2013) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12030 · Cited by 35
Victimization of youth with type-1 diabetes by teachers: relations with adherence and metabolic control
Peters, C. D., Storch, E. A., Geffken, G. R., Heidgerken, A. D., & Silverstein, J. H. (2008) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493508092508 · Cited by 33
Victimization by Bullying and Harassment in High School: Findings from the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey in a Southwestern State
Bauman, S. A. (2008) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220801955596 · Cited by 33
Peer Victimization and Depressive Symptoms in Mexican American Middle School Students: Including Acculturation as a Variable of Interest
Bauman, S. A., & Summers, J. J. (2009) · Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1177/0739986309346694 · Cited by 33
“Peer Victimization, Depression, and Culture One frequently reported outcome of peer victimization is depression (Card et al., 2008; Fekkes, Pijpers, & Verloove-Vanhorick, 2004; Graham, Bellmore, & Mize, 2006; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Olweus, 1993; Storch, Nock, MasiaWarner, & Barlas, 2003).”
Is a History of School Bullying Victimization Associated With Adult Suicidal Ideation?
Roeger, L. S., Allison, S. C., Korossy–Horwood, R., Eckert, K. A., & Goldney, R. D. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181f4aece · Cited by 33
“Although many victims have predisposing difficulties, victimization can exacerbate social and emotional problems such as depression, anxiety, and loneliness (Bond et al., 2001; Due et al., 2005; Hawker and Boulton, 2000; Saluja et al., 2004).”
Background
Involvement in bullying as predictor of suicidal ideation among 12- to 15-year-old Norwegian adolescents
Undheim, A. M. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0373-7 · Cited by 33
Effect of Self-Esteem on the Relationship between Depression and Bullying among Teenagers in Malaysia
Uba, I., Yaacob, S. N., Juhari, R. B., & Talib, M. A. (2010) · Asian Social Science · doi:10.5539/ass.v6n12p77 · Cited by 33
Childhood bullying as a predictor for becoming a teenage mother in Finland
Lehti, V., Sourander, A., Klomek, A. B., Niemelä, S., Sillanmäki, L. H., Piha, J., Kumpulainen, K., Tamminen, T., Moilanen, I. K., & Almqvist, F. (2010) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-010-0147-z · Cited by 33
“One possible explanation would be that victims suffer from depression or other psychiatric problems [27, 49], and they may have a tendency to use rapidly initiated sexual activity with multiple partners as a means of coping with feelings of depression and emptiness [50].”
Background
Do Perceptions of Discrepancy Between Self and Group Norms Contribute to Peer Harassment at School?
Sandstrom, M. J., & Bartini, M. (2010) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2010.495645 · Cited by 33
“Targets of bullying also report experiencing higher levels of loneliness, more suicidal ideation, lower self-esteem, and higher levels of depression than their nontargeted peers (Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Kochenderfer & Ladd, 1996).”
Background
The Impact of Validity Screening on Associations Between Self-Reports of Bullying Victimization and Student Outcomes
Jia, Y., Konold, T. R., Cornell, D. G., & Huang, F. L. (2016) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164416671767 · Cited by 35
“…(e.g., Brockenbrough et al., 2002; Klomek et al., 2010; Luk et al., 2010; Smalley et al., 2016; Van Geel et al., 2014a, 2014b) and depression (e.g., Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Reed et al., 2015), and negatively associated with student-reported GPA, cognitive engagement, and affective engagement in…”
Background
Rumination about social stress mediates the association between peer victimization and depressive symptoms during middle childhood
Monti, J. D., Rudolph, K. D., & Miernicki, M. E. (2016) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.11.003 · Cited by 35
“Indeed, a meta-analysis of concurrent studies (Hawker & Boulton, 2000) revealed a significant association between victimization and depressive symptoms, and ameta-analysis of longitudinal studies implicated victimization as an antecedent of depressive symptoms (Reijntjes, Kamphuis, Prinzie, &…”
School Bullying in Different Countries: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Short-Term Outcomes
Zych, I., Farrington, D. P., Llorent, V. J., & Ttofi, M. M. (2017) · SpringerBriefs in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53028-4_2 · Cited by 33
Social Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Biological, Developmental, and Social Considerations
Detweiler, M. F., Comer, J. S., Crum, K. I., & Albano, A. M. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00010-8 · Cited by 40
A Theoretical Review of Bullying
Nishina, A. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012617955-2/50008-4 · Cited by 33
The Expression of Emotion in Response to Bullying
Cowie, H., & Berdondini, L. (2002) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632750200507018 · Cited by 33
Research-Based Interventions on Bullying
Juvonen, J., & Graham, S. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012617955-2/50016-3 · Cited by 33
Relations Between Emotional and Social Functioning in Children with Anxiety Disorders
Jacob, M. L., Suveg, C. M., & Whitehead, M. (2013) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0421-7 · Cited by 32
Internalising Symptoms: An Antecedent or Precedent in Adolescent Peer Victimisation
Lester, L., Dooley, J. J., CROSS, D. S., & Shaw, T. (2012) · Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1017/jgc.2012.25 · Cited by 32
Anger as a Mediator Between Peer Victimization and Deviant Behavior in South Korea: A Cross-Cultural Application of General Strain Theory
Oh, G., & Connolly, E. J. (2018) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128718806699 · Cited by 32
No One is Safe: Victimization Experiences of High-Status Youth
Dawes, M., & Malamut, S. T. (2018) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-018-0103-6 · Cited by 32
“Victims suffer severe problems across the psychological, social, and health domains such as anxiety, depression, social rejection, loneliness, low self-esteem, and psychosomatic symptoms (see reviews by Hawker and Boulton 2000; Juvonen and Graham 2014; Olweus and Breivik 2014).”
Religious head covering, being perceived as foreigners, victimization, and adjustment among Sikh American adolescents.
Atwal, K., & Wang, C. (2018) · School Psychology · doi:10.1037/spq0000301 · Cited by 37
“…have shown that victimization is linked to adjustment difficulties, including high depressive symptoms, high anxiety symptoms, and low self-esteem (Bouman et al., 2012; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Jankauskiene, Kardelis, Sukys, & Kardeliene, 2008; Marsh et al., 2011; Menesini, Modena, & Tani, 2009).”
Background
Victimization from Peer Aggression and/or Bullying: Prevalence, Overlap, and Psychosocial Characteristics
Söderberg, P., & Björkqvist, K. (2019) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2019.1570410 · Cited by 32
“…experiences of bullying victimization and peer victimization were expected to be more prevalent among students with higher levels of depressive symptoms, higher levels of aggressive behaviors, and lower levels of peer support (Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Reijntes et al., 2011; Rudolph et al., 2014).”
Background
Peer Victimization and Perceived Life Satisfaction Among Early Adolescents in the United States
Valois, R. F., Kerr, J., & Huebner, E. S. (2012) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2012.10599244 · Cited by 32
Associations among Overt and Relational Victimization and Adolescents’ Satisfaction with Friends: The Moderating Role of the Need for Affective Relationships with Friends
Gini, G. (2007) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-007-9236-9 · Cited by 36
Predicting Bullying
Connell, N. M., Morris, R. G., & Piquero, A. R. (2015) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x15573760 · Cited by 32
“…continues to support the notion that students who are victimized in school settings are at risk for an array of social and psychological problems (Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Luk, Wang, & Simons-Morton, 2010; Rusby, Forrester, Biglan, & Metzler, 2005), the need for informed and evidence-based…”
Background
Social Withdrawal, Peer Rejection, and Peer Victimization in Taiwanese Middle School Students
Wei, H.-S., & Chen, J. (2008) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1080/15388220802067755 · Cited by 34
“Such experiences can negatively impact students' personal life, family, and social well-being ( Astor, Benbenishty, Zeira, & Vinokur, 2002 ; Wei & Williams, 2004 ; Hawker & Boulton, 2000 ).”
Parent Alcohol Problems and Peer Bullying and Victimization: Child Gender and Toddler Attachment Security as Moderators
Eiden, R. D., Ostrov, J. M., Colder, C. R., Leonard, K. E., Edwards, E. P., & Orrange-Torchia, T. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374411003691768 · Cited by 35
“In addition, adolescents who experience bullying or victimization are at risk for depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts compared to those not involved and those engaged in both bullying and victimization are at the greatest risk of these problems (Graham, Bellmore, & Mize, 2006 ; Hawker & Boulton, 2000 ).”
Background
Weight status and bullying behaviors among Chinese school-aged children
Liu, X., Chen, G., Yan, J., & Luo, J. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.12.010 · Cited by 32
Child Emotion Regulation and Peer Victimization: The Moderating Role of Child Sex
Morelen, D. M., Southam‐Gerow, M. A., & Zeman, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0360-6 · Cited by 32
Victimization, polyvictimization , and health in Swedish adolescents
Aho, N., Björklund, M. P., & Svedin, C. G. (2016) · Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/ahmt.s109587 · Cited by 32
Self‐control, peer preference, and loneliness in Chinese children: A three‐year longitudinal study
Liu, J., Xiao, B., Hipson, W. E., Coplan, R. J., Li, D., & Chen, X. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12224 · Cited by 34
Associations Between Dimensions of School Engagement and Bullying Victimization and Perpetration Among Middle School Students
Forster, M., Gower, A. L., Gloppen, K. M., Sieving, R. E., Oliphant, J. A., Plowman, S. L., Gadea, A., & McMorris, B. J. (2019) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-019-09350-0 · Cited by 33
Childhood maltreatment and adulthood victimization: An evidence-based model
Fereidooni, F., Daniels, J. K., Krause-Utz, A., Hagenaars, M. A., Smeets, T., Heins, J., Dorahy, M. J., van Emmerik, A., de Jong, P. J., Hoekstra, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.007 · Cited by 30
Recalled peer relationship experiences and current levels of self‐criticism and self‐reassurance
Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., Zuroff, D. C., Leybman, M. J., & Hope, N. H. (2011) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02044.x · Cited by 31
Does Perceived Social Support Mediate or Moderate the Relationship Between Victimisation and Suicidal Ideation Among Chinese Adolescents?
Liu, X., Chen, G., Hu, P., Guo, G., & Xiao, S. (2016) · Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools · doi:10.1017/jgc.2015.30 · Cited by 31
“…is significantly associated with increases in a variety of externalising (Reijntjes et al., 2011), academic (Nakamoto & Schwartz, 2010), psychosomatic (Gini & Pozzoli, 2009), and internalising problems (Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Reijntjes, Kamphuis, Prinzie, & Telch, 2010; Shi, Liu, & Zhang, 2011).”
Relational Violence, Social Support, Self-Esteem, Depression and Anxiety: A Moderated Mediation Model
Duru, E., Balkıs, M., & Turkdogan, T. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01509-2 · Cited by 32
When Do Friendships Help Versus Hurt? Perceived Best Friend Victimization and Support as Moderators of Peer Victimization-Related Distress
Schacter, H. L., & Juvonen, J. (2019) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431619874402 · Cited by 32
“…demonstrate that victimized youth are at risk of a broad array of adjustment difficulties, and one of the most wellestablished correlates of peer victimization is internalizing distress (depressive symptoms, social anxiety; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Reijntjes, Kamphuis, Prinzie, & Telch, 2010).”
Background
School absenteeism and child mental health: A mixed-methods study of internalizing and externalizing symptoms.
Rogers, M. A., Klan, A., Oram, R., Krause, A., Whitley, J., Smith, D. J., & McBrearty, N. (2024) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-024-09640-2 · Cited by 29
“…rates of absenteeism due to internalizing symptoms and avoidance behavior following victimization experiences (Dorio et al., 2018; Gastic, 2008; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Rigby, 2003); whereas, males were more likely to be absent (by suspension) due to externalizing problems (King & Gano-tice,…”

Authors: Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J.
Affiliations: Warneford Hospital (GB)
Keele University (GB)
ORCID: Boulton, Michael J.
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 441-455
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00629
OpenAlex: W1968712199
Cited by: 2,694
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 183 · 2013: 210 · 2012: 186
FWCI: 30.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1260 d)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: British Psychological Society
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: peer victimization, psychosocial maladjustment, depression, loneliness, social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, self-worth
MeSH terms: Adjustment Disorders, Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, General Adaptation Syndrome, Humans, Internal-External Control, Peer Group, Social Adjustment, Crime Victims

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Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies

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