Cited by 2,694Bullying, Victimization, and AggressionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentChild Abuse and Trauma

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Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies

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Hawker, David S. J., Boulton, Michael J.·2000·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/1469-7610.00629

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Abstract

Cross-sectional quantitative designs are often used to investigate whether peer victimization is positively related to psychosocial maladjustment. This paper presents a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies, published between 1978 and 1997, of the association of peer victimization with psychosocial maladjustment. Mean effect sizes were calculated for the association between peer victimization and each form of maladjustment (depression, loneliness, generalized and social anxiety, and global and social self-worth) assessed. The results suggested that victimization is most strongly related to depression, and least strongly related to anxiety. There was no evidence that victimization is more strongly related to social than to psychological forms of maladjustment. Effect sizes were stronger when the same informants were used to assess both victimization and maladjustment than when different informants were used. There were some design limitations to the studies reviewed, but all together their results provide a strong background for more complex research into the course and treatment of victims' distress.

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“Victimized students report higher levels of internalizing problems (Arseneault et al., 2010; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Juvonen, Graham, & Schuster, 2003) and lowered social status.”
BackgroundResult
Experiencing Loneliness in Adolescence: A Matter of Individual Characteristics, Negative Peer Experiences, or Both?
Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., & Goossens, L. (2014) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12019 · Cited by 151
Peer Victimization in Youth with Tourette Syndrome and Other Chronic Tic Disorders
Zinner, S. H., Conelea, C. A., Glew, G. M., Woods, D. W., & Budman, C. L. (2011) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0249-y · Cited by 151
“She is not actually bullied.” the discourse of harassment in student groups
Teräsahjo, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2003) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.10045 · Cited by 151
Coping strategies and perceived effectiveness in fourth through eighth grade victims of bullying
Tenenbaum, L. S., Varjas, K., Meyers, J. P., & Parris, L. N. (2011) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034311402309 · Cited by 151
“…Cowie, 2010; Hampel, Manhal, & Hayer, 2009; Lodge & Feldman, 2007; Ybrandt & Amelius, 2010) and increased psychosocial stressors such as loneliness (Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Kochenderfer & Ladd, 1996; Kochenderfer-Ladd & Skinner, 2002; Shin, 2010), low friendship quality (Shin, 2010), and peer…”
Schoolchildren's social representations on bullying causes
Thornberg, R. (2010) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20472 · Cited by 165
Sex Differences in the Association Between Cyberbullying Victimization and Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents
Kim, S., Kimber, M., Boyle, M. H., & Georgiades, K. (2018) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743718777397 · Cited by 150
Terrorism: The psychological impact on youth.
Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00078.x · Cited by 158
Behavioral and emotional adjustment, family functioning, academic performance, and social relationships in children with selective mutism
Cunningham, C. E., McHolm, A. E., Boyle, M. H., & Patel, S. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00327.x · Cited by 157
Adolescent loneliness and social anxiety as predictors of bullying victimisation
Acquah, E. O., Topalli, P.-Z., Wilson, M. L., Junttila, N., & Niemi, P. M. (2016) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2015.1083449 · Cited by 148
“Several other studies have confirmed the variety of psychosocial adjustment problems associated with peer victimisation (Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Hodges & Perry, 1999; Ranta, Kaltiala-Heino, Fröid, & Marttunen, 2013).”
Background
Traditional and Cyber Aggressors and Victims: A Comparison of Psychosocial Characteristics
Sontag, L. M., Clemans, K. H., Graber, J., & Lyndon, S. T. (2011) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9575-9 · Cited by 145
“Also, victimization by peers has been consistently associated with depressed and anxious symptoms, as well as aggressive problems during adolescence (Graber and Sontag 2009; Hawker and Boulton 2000; Nansel et al. 2004).”
Background
Bullying Perpetration, Victimization, and Demographic Differences in College Students: A Review of the Literature
Lund, E. M., & Ross, S. W. (2016) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838015620818 · Cited by 167
“A meta-analysis by Hawker and Boulton (2000) which examined the correlations between bullying victimization and a variety of mental health outcomes, found that self-reported victimization was strongly correlated with increased depression and anxiety and lower global self-worth. A more recent meta-analysis of the healt…”
BackgroundInfluential
Emotional Maltreatment, Peer Victimization, and Depressive versus Anxiety Symptoms During Adolescence: Hopelessness as a Mediator
Hamilton, J. L., Shapero, B. G., Stange, J. P., Hamlat, E. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.777916 · Cited by 145
“Although overt victimization (i.e., targeted physical threats or bodily harm) predicts psychological maladjustment in youth (for reviews, see Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Reijntjes, Kamphius, Prinzie, & Telch, 2010), relationally oriented victimization may be particularly relevant during the adolescent…”
Peer Relations and Developmental Psychopathology
Prinstein, M. J., & Giletta, M. (2016) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy112 · Cited by 150
Adolescent Peer Victimization, Peer Status, Suicidal Ideation, and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: Examining Concurrent and Longitudinal Associations
Heilbron, N., & Prinstein, M. J. (2010) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0049 · Cited by 146
“Moreover, although peer victimization has been linked to a host of concurrent (e.g., Hawker & Boulton, 2000) and longitudinal adjustment difficulties (see Ju-vonen & Graham, 2001), many unanswered questions remain regarding peer functioning within the suicide literature.”
School truancy and the disciplinary problems of bullying victims
Gastic, B. (2008) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131910802393423 · Cited by 144
“For recent reviews of existing research, see Dake, Price, and Telljohann 2003 ; Espelage and Swearer 2003 ; Griffin and Gross 2004 ; Hawker and Boulton 2000 ; Houbre et al.”
Method
Stability of peer victimization in early adolescence: Effects of timing and duration
Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., & Demaray, M. K. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2011.04.005 · Cited by 143
Electronic and School-Based Victimization: Unique Contexts for Adjustment Difficulties During Adolescence
Fredstrom, B. K., Adams, R. E., & Gilman, R. (2010) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9569-7 · Cited by 143
“Researchers have consistently found peer victimization to be associated with poor adjustment (see Hawker and Boulton 2000 for a review).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Toward a More Comprehensive Understanding of Bullying in School Settings
Carrera, M. V., DePalma, R., & Fernández, M. L. (2011) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9171-x · Cited by 155
Does the association with psychosomatic health problems differ between cyberbullying and traditional bullying?
Beckman, L. J., Hagquist, C., & Hellström, L. (2012) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2012.704228 · Cited by 153
“During the past few decades an extensive body of literature has shown the negative effects of involvement in traditional bullying on adolescent mental health (Gini and Pozzoli 2009 ; Hawker and Boulton 2000 ).”
Background
Bullying and Symptoms of Depression in Chilean Middle School Students
Fleming, L. C., & Jacobsen, K. H. (2009) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.0397.x · Cited by 142
Cyber Worlds: New Playgrounds for Bullying
Mark, L., & Ratliffe, K. T. (2011) · Computers in the Schools · doi:10.1080/07380569.2011.575753 · Cited by 158
“Traditional, or face-to-face bullying, is defined as deliberate and repeated acts of physical or mental harm, intimidation, or mistreatment of someone of a weaker stature or lower status (Boulton, Trueman, & Murray, 2008; Coffee, 2005; Hawker & Boulton, 2000; Olweus, 1993; Pellegrini, 2002).”
Background
A Latent Growth Curve Analysis of Early and Increasing Peer Victimization as Predictors of Mental Health across Elementary School
Rudolph, K. D., Troop‐Gordon, W., Hessel, E. T., & Schmidt, J. D. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.533413 · Cited by 140
School Bullying and Restorative Justice: Toward a Theoretical Understanding of the Role of Respect, Pride, and Shame
Morrison, B. (2006) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00455.x · Cited by 150
Peer Victimization in Children with Learning Disabilities
Baumeister, A. L., Storch, E. A., & Geffken, G. R. (2007) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-007-0109-6 · Cited by 154
Victimization of students with autism spectrum disorder: a review of prevalence and risk factors
Sreckovic, M. A., Brunsting, N. C., & Able, H. (2014) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.06.004 · Cited by 140
Integrating Evidence-Based Engagement Interventions Into “Real World” Child Mental Health Settings
McKay, M. M., Hibbert, R., Hoagwood, K., Rodriguez, J., Murray, L. K., Legerski, J., & Fernández, D. A. (2004) · Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention · doi:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhh014 · Cited by 144
Association of orthodontic treatment needs and oral health-related quality of life in young adults
Hassan, A. H., & Amin, H. E. (2009) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.02.024 · Cited by 139
Links between social information processing in middle childhood and involvement in bullying
Camodeca, M., Goossens, F. A., Schuengel, C., & Terwogt, M. M. (2003) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.10043 · Cited by 139
School and Home Relationships and Their Impact on School Bullying
Murray‐Harvey, R., & Slee, P. T. (2010) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034310366206 · Cited by 138
“, 2008), the research evidence is clear that bullying is a physically harmful, socially isolating and psychologically damaging experience for all those involved (bullies, victims and bystanders) (e.g. Berger, 2007; Hawker and Boulton, 2000).”
Background
How stressful is online victimization? Effects of victim's personality and properties of the incident
Staude-Müller, F., Hansen, B., & Voss, M. (2012) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2011.643170 · Cited by 142
Discrepant gender patterns for cyberbullying and traditional bullying – An analysis of Swedish adolescent data
Beckman, L. J., Hagquist, C., & Hellström, L. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.03.010 · Cited by 138
“Bullying is conceptually part of the broader umbrella concept of peer victimization, which can include physical and verbal aggressive acts, exclusion from social activities, and threats of harm (Hawker & Boulton, 2000 ).”
Background
School engagement and school burnout profiles during high school – The role of socio-emotional skills
Salmela‐Aro, K., & Upadyaya, K. (2020) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2020.1785860 · Cited by 156
Gender differences in the relative impact of physical and relational bullying on adolescent injury and weapon carrying
Dukes, R. L., Stein, J. A., & Zane, J. I. (2010) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2010.08.001 · Cited by 146
Big men feeling small: Childhood bullying experience, muscle dysmorphia and other mental health problems in bodybuilders
Dieter Wolke, C., & Σαπουνά, Μ. (2007) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.10.002 · Cited by 136
Exposure to bullying at school and depression in adulthood: A study of Danish men born in 1953
Lund, R., Nielsen, K. K., Hansen, D., Kriegbaum, M., Molbo, D., Due, P., & Christensen, U. (2008) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckn101 · Cited by 136

Authors: Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J.
Affiliations: Warneford Hospital (GB)
Keele University (GB)
ORCID: Boulton, Michael J.
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 41
Issue: 4
Pages: 441-455
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00629
OpenAlex: W1968712199
Cited by: 2,694
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 183 · 2013: 210 · 2012: 186
FWCI: 30.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 1260 d)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: British Psychological Society
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: peer victimization, psychosocial maladjustment, depression, loneliness, social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, self-worth
MeSH terms: Adjustment Disorders, Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, General Adaptation Syndrome, Humans, Internal-External Control, Peer Group, Social Adjustment, Crime Victims

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Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies

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