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Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies
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Cross-sectional quantitative designs are often used to investigate whether peer victimization is positively related to psychosocial maladjustment. This paper presents a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies, published between 1978 and 1997, of the association of peer victimization with psychosocial maladjustment. Mean effect sizes were calculated for the association between peer victimization and each form of maladjustment (depression, loneliness, generalized and social anxiety, and global and social self-worth) assessed. The results suggested that victimization is most strongly related to depression, and least strongly related to anxiety. There was no evidence that victimization is more strongly related to social than to psychological forms of maladjustment. Effect sizes were stronger when the same informants were used to assess both victimization and maladjustment than when different informants were used. There were some design limitations to the studies reviewed, but all together their results provide a strong background for more complex research into the course and treatment of victims' distress.
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“For this reason, having problematic relationships with peers (i.e., being isolated, having no friends, not being liked by peers, etc.) is a strong risk factor for cybervictimization [52,53].”
From Cybervictimization and Online Sexual Harassment: Prevalence, Association, and Predictors (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
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“Peer victimization in childhood and adolescence has damaging effects on psychological adjustment and is strongly associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with symptoms of depression (Hawker and Boulton, 2000; Desjardins and Leadbeater, 2011; Ttofi et al., 2011; Stapinski et al., 2015)”
From Neural Activation to Parental Praise Interacts With Social Context to Predict Adolescent Depressive Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as Hawker and Boulton, 2000
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Storch, E. A., Milsom, V. A., DeBraganza, N., Lewin, A. B., Geffken, G. R., & Silverstein, J. H. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj113 · Cited by 361
Smith, P. K. (2004) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2004.00089.x · Cited by 355
Obesity and bullying: different effects for boys and girls
Griffiths, L. J. (2005) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2005.072314 · Cited by 352
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2015) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2015.10.001 · Cited by 439
National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A): I. Background and Measures
Merikangas, K. R., Avenevoli, S., Costello, E. J., Koretz, D. S., & Kessler, R. C. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819996f1 · Cited by 355
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“…victimization in general, there is the problem of ‘‘shared method variance’’—effect sizes between peer victimization and maladjustment are larger when informants are the same (i.e., victimization and adjustment are both assessed via self-report) as opposed to different (Hawker & Boulton, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodIs Adolescent Bullying an Evolutionary Adaptation?
Volk, A. A., Camilleri, J. A., Dane, A. V., & Marini, Z. A. (2012) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21418 · Cited by 382
“While bullies may suffer from some negative consequences [Volk et al., 2006], this is particularly true for victims, who suffer from higher levels of depression, loneliness, generalized and social anxiety , and lower self-worth [Hawker and Boulton, 2000].”
BackgroundPeer Victimization: The Role of Emotions in Adaptive and Maladaptive Coping
Ladd, G. W. (2004) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00271.x · Cited by 341
Learning Disabilities and Bullying
Mishna, F. (2003) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194030360040501 · Cited by 371
Bullying in children: impact on child health
Armitage, R. (2021) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000939 · Cited by 337
Learning from Bullying Traces in Social Media
Xu, J., Jun, K.-S., Zhu, X., & Bellmore, A. D. (2012) · Cited by 332
What works in anti-bullying programs? Analysis of effective intervention components
Gaffney, H., Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2021) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2020.12.002 · Cited by 333
Nonsuicidal self-injury in young adolescent girls: Moderators of the distress-function relationship.
Hilt, L. M., Cha, C. B., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.1.63 · Cited by 329
West, P., Sweeting, H., & Young, R. (2010) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671520802308677 · Cited by 324
“Such children had often experienced bullying in primary school, itself associated with lower self-esteem (Hawker and Boulton 2000) and likely to heighten anxiety about future victimisation.”
BackgroundBullying in different contexts: Commonalities, differences and the role of theory
Monks, C. P., Smith, P. K., Naylor, P. B., Barter, C., Ireland, J. L., & Coyne, I. J. (2009) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.004 · Cited by 317
Vaillancourt, T., Brittain, H. L., McDougall, P., & Duku, E. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9781-5 · Cited by 319
Gaffney, H., Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2021) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1143 · Cited by 313
School Bullying and Youth Violence
Kim, Y. S., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Koh, Y., Hubbard, A., & Boyce, W. T. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.9.1035 · Cited by 310
Examining the Effectiveness of School-Bullying Intervention Programs Globally: a Meta-analysis
Gaffney, H., Farrington, D. P., & Ttofi, M. M. (2019) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-019-0007-4 · Cited by 433
Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., Luk, J. W., & Nansel, T. R. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsq048 · Cited by 309
“Peer victimization has been recognized as a significant problem among children and adolescents because of its negative influence on physical and psychosocial functioning (Gini & Pozzoli, 2009; Hawker & Boulton, 2000).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Keele University (GB)
- ORCID
- Boulton, Michael J.
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 441-455
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W1968712199
- Cited by
- 2,694
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 130 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 125 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 146 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 183 · 2013: 210 · 2012: 186
- FWCI
- 30.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- British Psychological Society
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- peer victimization, psychosocial maladjustment, depression, loneliness, social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, self-worth
- MeSH terms
- Adjustment Disorders, Adolescent, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Cross-Cultural Comparison, General Adaptation Syndrome, Humans, Internal-External Control, Peer Group, Social Adjustment, Crime Victims
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