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Cited by 198Policing Practices and PerceptionsGun Ownership and Violence ResearchCrime Patterns and Interventions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Race, Crime, and the Micro‐Ecology of Deadly Force

Klinger, David, Rosenfeld, Richard, Isom, Daniel, Deckard, Michael·2016·Criminology & Public Policy
DOI 10.1111/1745-9133.12174
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Abstract

Research Summary Limitations in data and research on the use of firearms by police officers in the United States preclude sound understanding of the determinants of deadly force in police work. The current study addresses these limitations with detailed case attributes and a microspatial analysis of police shootings in St. Louis, MO, between 2003 and 2012. The results indicate that neither the racial composition of neighborhoods nor their level of economic disadvantage directly increase the frequency of police shootings, whereas levels of violent crime do—but only to a point. Police shootings are less frequent in areas with the highest levels of criminal violence than in those with midlevels of violence. We offer a provisional interpretation of these results and call for replications in other settings . Policy Implications Nationwide replications of the current research will require the establishment of a national database of police shootings. Informative assessments of a single agency's policies and practices require comparative information from other agencies. We recommend specific data elements to be included in such an information system that would shed further empirical light on the interconnections among race, crime, and police use of deadly force. The database also would contribute to the development of evidence‐based policies and procedures on deadly force—an urgent public priority in light of recent controversial police shootings across the United States .

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Crossref · 10.1111/1745-9133.12174

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Citations

Cites

Show all 45 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

  1. Adams Ronald J., 1980, Street Survival: Tactics for Armed Encounters
  2. Alpert Geoff, 1989, Critical Issues in Policing
  3. Banks Duren, 2015, Arrest‐Related Deaths Program Assessment: Technical Report
  4. Barry Rob, 2014, Hundreds of police killings are uncounted in federal stats, Wall Street Journal
  5. Geller William, 1992, Deadly Force: What We Know: A Practitioner's Desk Reference on Police‐Involved Shootings
  6. Greene William H., 2003, Econometric Analysis
  7. Kindy Kimberly, 2015, Fatal police shootings in 2015 approaching 400 nationwide, Washington Post
  8. Klinger David, 2005, A Multi‐Method Study of Police Special Weapons and Tactics Teams
  9. Lum Cynthia, 2009, Translating Police Research into Practice
  10. Mays G. Larry, 2015, Making Sense of Criminal Justice: Policies and Practice
  11. Sherman Lawrence W., 1998, Ideas in American Policing
  12. The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing, 2015, Final Report
  13. Weisburd David, 2011, New Perspectives in Policing

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Metadata

Authors
Klinger, D., Rosenfeld, R., Isom, D., & Deckard, M.
Affiliations
University of Missouri–St. Louis (US)
ORCID
Venue
Criminology & Public Policy
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2015-11-17
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
193-222
ISSN
  • 1538-6473 (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-9133
DOI
10.1111/1745-9133.12174
OpenAlex
W2176256073
Cited by
198
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 2
FWCI
108.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
Criminology & Public Policy (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
  • Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Keywords
police use of deadly force, police shootings, race, violent crime, neighborhood racial composition, microspatial analysis, St. Louis

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