Food Safety, Food Fraud, and Food Defense: A Fast Evolving Literature

Manning, Louise; Soon, Jan Mei

doi:10.1111/1750-3841.13256

Cited by 268Food Safety and HygieneIdentification and Quantification in FoodPharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting

Food Safety, Food Fraud, and Food Defense: A Fast Evolving Literature

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Manning, Louise, Soon, Jan Mei·2016·Journal of Food Science

DOI 10.1111/1750-3841.13256

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Abstract

Intentional food crime is plural in nature in terms of the types of crime and the differing levels of financial gain. Successful models of food crime are dependent on how well the crime has been executed and at what point, or even if, detection actually occurs. The aim of this paper is to undertake a literature review and critique the often contradictory definitions that can be found in the literature in order to compare and contrast existing food crime risk assessment tools and their application. Food safety, food defense, and food fraud risk assessments consider different criteria in order to determine the degree of situational risk for each criteria and the measures that need to be implemented to mitigate that risk. Further research is required to support the development of global countermeasures, that are of value in reducing overall risk even when the potential hazards may be largely unknown, and specific countermeasures that can act against unique risks.

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Zhang, D., Ouyang, S., Cai, M., Zhang, H., Ding, S., Liu, D., Cai, P., Le, Y., & Hu, Q. (2020) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127010 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A holistic approach to food fraud vulnerability assessment
Rezazade, F., Summers, J., & Teik, D. O. L. (2021) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108440 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Preliminary investigation into the use of Raman spectroscopy for the verification of Australian grass and grain fed beef
Logan, B. G., Hopkins, D. L., Schmidtke, L. M., Morris, S., & Fowler, S. M. (2019) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107970 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Food fraud data collection needs survey
Spink, J., Elliott, C. T., Dean, M., & Speier, C. (2019) · npj Science of Food · doi:10.1038/s41538-019-0036-x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Whistleblowing as a countermeasure strategy against food crime
Soon, J. M., & Manning, L. (2017) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-01-2017-0001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Food industry perceptions and actions towards food fraud: Insights from a pan-Canadian study
Guntzburger, Y., Théolier, J., Barrère, V., Peignier, I., Godefroy, S. B., & de Marcellis-Warin, N. (2020) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107182 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Assessing and managing environmental, social, and governance risks in agri‐food companies
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The issue of food losses and waste and its determinants
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Food Fraud and the Partnership for a ‘Healthier’ America: A Case Study in State-Corporate Crime
León, K. S., & Ken, I. (2017) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-017-9363-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Other corporate crime studies have examined the nexus between individual decision-making and organizational incentives, focusing for instance on the intentionally injurious decisions made in corporate boardrooms (e.g., Kerschke-Risch 2014; Manning and Soon 2016; Croall 2013; Spring and Moyer 2011).”
Background
Detection of gelatin adulteration using bio-informatics, proteomics and high-resolution mass spectrometry
Yang, C. T., Ghosh, D., & Beaudry, F. (2017) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2017.1416680 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In recent years, mostly based on economical motivations, we have witnessed the internationalisation of food production, distribution and retailing (Ballin 2010; Manning and Soon 2016; Stadler et al. 2016).”
Background
Food fraud prevention strategies: Building an effective verification ecosystem
Manning, L., Macleod, A., James, C., Thompson, M., Oyeyinka, S. A., Cowen, N., Skoczylis, J. J., & Onarinde, B. A. (2024) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.70036 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Assessing the economy‐wide impact of food fraud: A SAM‐based counterfactual approach
Rocchi, B., Romano, D., Sadiddin, A., & Stefani, G. (2020) · Agribusiness · doi:10.1002/agr.21633 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Food fraud problem, which has been known about since ancient times (Shears, 2010) that has only recently been conceptualized as a policy issue (Lord, Flores Elizondo, & Spencer, 2017; Manning & Soon, 2016; Spink & Moyer, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
IoT integrated fuzzy classification analysis for detecting adulterants in cow milk
Lal, P. P., Prakash, A. A., Chand, A. A., Prasad, K. A., Mehta, U., Assaf, M. H., Mani, F. S., & Mamun, K. A. (2022) · Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research · doi:10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100486 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The scope of food fraud revisited
Gussow, K. E., & Mariët, A. (2022) · Crime Law and Social Change · doi:10.1007/s10611-022-10055-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“First, there are those studies that interpret, explain, quantify, and define the phenomenon of food fraud from various perspectives (e.g. Croall, 2013; Everstine et al., 2013; Kailemia, 2016; Lord et al., 2017; Manning & Soon, 2016; Spink & Moyer, 2011; Spink et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
The GFSI food fraud prevention compliance development & requirements: A ten-year review
Spink, J. (2023) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2023.07.014 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Data driven food fraud vulnerability assessment using Bayesian Network: Spices supply chain
Bouzembrak, Y., Liu, N., Mu, W., Gavai, A., Manning, L., Butler, F., & Marvin, H. J. P. (2024) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110616 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Development of an FTIR based chemometric model for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cane sugar as an added sugar adulterant in apple fruit juices
Dhaulaniya, A. S., Balan, B., Yadav, A., Jamwal, R., Kelly, S. D., Cannavan, A., & Singh, D. K. (2020) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2020.1718774 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In particular, economically motivated adulterations (EMA) are intentionally added (Manning and Soon 2016) low-cost compounds that mostly have minimal impact on physical properties of the food product (such as addition of argemone oil to mustard oil, urea in milk and sugars in fruit juices),…”
Background
Food regulation and policing: innovative technology to close the regulatory gap in Australia
Lindley, J. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety · doi:10.1007/s00003-022-01372-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Human harm is not often the focus or outcome of intentional food fraud; harm caused by food goes beyond the physical harm (Manning and Soon 2016).”
Background
Machine Learning Enabled Nanosensor Array for Monitoring Citrus Juice Adulteration
Smith, C. W., Kachwala, M. J., Cole, R. L., & Yigit, M. V. (2022) · ACS Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00181 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Food Adulteration and Its Impacts on Our Health/Balanced Nutrition
Thangaraju, S., Modupalli, N., & Natarajan, V. (2021) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1002/9781119792130.ch7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quality risk and responsive actions in sourcing/procurement: an empirical study of food fraud cases in the UK
Ma, J., Tse, Y. K., Zhang, M., & MacBryde, J. (2022) · Production Planning & Control · doi:10.1080/09537287.2022.2080125 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“As mentioned earlier, food safety issues are accidental (Manning and Soon 2016) and caused by unintentional acts (Spink and Moyer 2011), which can be regarded as natural disasters, quality issues, technological accidents or infectious disease (Leat and Revoredo-Giha 2013).”
Background
Rapid detection of adulteration in pistachio based on deep learning methodologies and affordable system
Çınarer, G., Doğan, N., Kılıç, K., & Doğan, C. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16172-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The globalization of food trade has expanded the scope of food adulteration, which was once limited to specific regions [43].”
Identifying food fraud vulnerability factors in food fraud incidents – a review of global incidents 2000–2018
Rezazade, F., Summers, J., & Ong, D. L. T. (2021) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-02-2021-0140 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Unveiling the chemical complexity of food-risk components: A comprehensive data resource guide in 2024
Zhang, D., Liu, D., Jing, J., Jia, B., Tian, Y., Le, Y., Yu, Y., & Hu, Q. (2024) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2024.104513 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Consumers’ perceptions of food fraud in selected Southeast Asian countries: a cross sectional study
Soon, J. M., Ha, T. M., Vanany, I., Limon, M. R., Sirichokchatchawan, W., Wahab, I. R. A., Hamdan, R. H., & Jamaludin, M. H. (2023) · Food Security · doi:10.1007/s12571-023-01406-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Food fraud affects food safety, public health and/or quality (Manning & Soon, 2016).”
Self-citation
Progress towards achieving intelligent food assurance systems
Zhou, J., Brereton, P. A., & Campbell, K. (2024) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2024.110548 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Food authenticity and the interactions with human health and climate change
Hoffman, L. C., Schreuder, J., & Cozzolino, D. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2024.2387329 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“These strategies consist of a set of procedures adopted to protect a food product and its raw materials from intentional adulteration (Manning and Soon 2016; BRCGS 2022).”
Influential
Protecting our food: Can standard food safety analysis detect adulteration of food products with selected chemical agents?
Pedersen, B., Gorzkowska-Sobas, A. A., Gerevini, M., Prugger, R., Belenguer, J., Maletti, M., Ljønes, M., Gilljamm, B. H., Tønsager, J., Opstad, A. M., et al. (2016) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nanotechnology: A Boon for Food Safety and Food Defense
Sharma, P., Panghal, A., Gaikwad, V., Jadhav, S., Bagal, A., Jadhav, A., & Chhikara, N. (2019) · Nanotechnology in the life sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17061-5_9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A SAM-Based Analysis of the Economic Impact of Frauds in the Italian Wine Value Chain
Romano, D., Rocchi, B., Sadiddin, A., Stefani, G., Zucaro, R., & Manganiello, V. (2021) · Italian Economic Journal · doi:10.1007/s40797-020-00137-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Characterization of the Triacylglycerol Fraction of Italian and Extra-European Hemp Seed Oil
Tringaniello, C., Cossignani, L., & Blasi, F. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10050916 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Omics Methods For the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
Ellis, D. I., Muhamadali, H., Chisanga, M., & Goodacre, R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.21793-9 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The sensitivity of the assay for multiple toxins was lower than the oral LD50 likely to be used to contaminate the food supply, and whilst initially developed to improve food defense (Manning et al., 2005; Manning and Soon, 2016), this”
Background
Integration of in-cassette lysis, purification, and lateral flow strips-based sensor for rapid and on-site detection of yak milk adulteration
Wang, N., Zhang, J., Xiao, B., Li, H., Chen, J., Sun, X., Huang, F., Li, H., & Chen, A. (2023) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2023.134309 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Full-LIG Wireless Batteryless Flexible Sensor for the Detection of Triethylamine
Mostaccio, A., Antonelli, G., Capuano, R., Natale, C. D., Martinelli, E., & Marrocco, G. (2024) · IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1109/jflex.2024.3361804 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The improvement of “food safety,” i.e., the “study of handling, preparation, and storage of food to prevent food-borne illness to the consumers” [1], becomes, therefore, a priority to grant a reduction of the wastage levels while assessing the quality of preserved food.”
Background
Food fraud of rejected imported foods in China in 2009–2019
Li, D., Zang, M., Wang, S., Zhang, K., Zhang, Z., Li, X., Li, J., & Guo, W. (2021) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108619 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Atualizações importantes introduzidas pelo novo Regulamento de Inspeção Industrial e Sanitária de Produtos de Origem Animal: Decreto n° 9.013 de 29 de março de 2017
Modesto, J., & Oshiro, M. D. L. (2017) · Vigilância Sanitária em Debate · doi:10.22239/2317-269x.01019 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Food fraud detection by Czech Agricultural and Food Inspection Authority in retail market
Koubová, J., Samková, E., & Hasoňová, L. (2018) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-07-2017-0367 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Food Crime: A Review of the UK Institutional Perception of Illicit Practices in the Food Sector
Rizzuti, A. (2020) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci9070112 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Comparison of Portable and Benchtop Near-Infrared Spectrometers for the Detection of Citric Acid-adulterated Lime Juice: A Chemometrics Approach
Jahani, R., van Ruth, S. M., Weesepoel, Y., Alewijn, M., Kobarfard, F., Faizi, M., AliAbadi, M. H. S., Mahboubi, A., Nasiri, A., & Yazdanpanah, H. (2022) · Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research · doi:10.5812/ijpr-128372 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Food adulteration or “food fraud” is defined as the intentional substitution of food with inferior substances, removal of some valuable compounds, and misrepresentation of food ingredients for financial advantages and economic motivation (1).”

Development of a method for assessing risks of food fraud and food defense as a component of food safety management
Sliva, Y. (2021) · Naukovì dopovìdì Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu bìoresursiv ì prirodokoristuvannâ Ukraïni · doi:10.31548/dopovidi2021.01.010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Advancing understanding of pinch-points and crime prevention in the food supply chain
Soon, J. M., Manning, L., & Smith, R. A. (2019) · Crime Prevention and Community Safety · doi:10.1057/s41300-019-00059-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Defining the Public Health Threat of Food Fraud
Spink, J., & Moyer, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02417.x · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Food fraud criminology
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Food Fraud/Food Crime: A Systematic Literature Review
Kumar, K., Tiwari, M., Bhattacharya, S., & Gepp, A. (2023) · Open Science Framework · doi:10.17605/osf.io/ubqyd · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Manning, L., & Soon, J. M.
Affiliations: Royal Agricultural University (GB)
University of Lancashire (GB)
Corresponding author: Manning, Louise
ORCID: Manning, Louise
Soon, Jan Mei
Venue: Journal of Food Science
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2016-03-02
Volume: 81
Issue: 4
Pages: R823-34
ISSN: 0022-1147 (ISSN-L)
1750-3841
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13256
OpenAlex: W2341811507
Cited by: 268
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6
FWCI: 1.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Food Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Harper Adams University Repository (GuildHE Research) (acceptedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Identification and Quantification in Food
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting
Keywords: food safety, food fraud, food defense, risk assessment tools, risk mitigation, countermeasures
MeSH terms: Crime, Food, Fraud, Humans, Risk Assessment, Food Safety

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Food Safety, Food Fraud, and Food Defense: A Fast Evolving Literature

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