The International Trauma Questionnaire: development of a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD

Cloitre, M.; Shevlin, M.; Brewin, C. R.; Bisson, J. I.; Roberts, N. P.; Maercker, A.; Karatzias, T.; Hyland, P.

doi:10.1111/acps.12956

Cited by 1,314Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchSleep and related disordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The International Trauma Questionnaire: development of a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD

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Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Maercker, A., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P.·2018·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

DOI 10.1111/acps.12956

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Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to finalize the development of the International Trauma Questionnaire ( ITQ ), a self‐report diagnostic measure of post‐traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and complex PTSD ( CPTSD ), as defined in the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD ‐11). Method: The optimal symptom indicators of PTSD and CPTSD were identified by applying item response theory ( IRT ) analysis to data from a trauma‐exposed community sample ( n = 1051) and a trauma‐exposed clinical sample ( n = 247) from the United Kingdom. The validity of the optimized 12‐item ITQ was assessed with confirmatory factor analyses. Diagnostic rates were estimated and compared to previous validation studies. Results: The latent structure of the 12‐item, optimized ITQ was consistent with prior findings, and diagnostic rates of PTSD and CPTSD were in line with previous estimates. Conclusion: The ITQ is a brief, simply worded measure of the core features of PTSD and CPTSD . It is consistent with the organizing principles of the ICD ‐11 to maximize clinical utility and international applicability through a focus on a limited but central set of symptoms. The measure is freely available and can be found in the body of this paper.

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Empirically validated cPTSD interview guides have been developed, including the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for adults and children, and the Developmental Trauma Disorder Semi-structured Interview (DTD-SI) for children and adolescents.
“Empirically validated cPTSD interview guides have been developed, including the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for adults [21] and children [66], and the Developmental Trauma Disorder Semi-structured Interview (DTD-SI) for children and adolescents [46, 174].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
The Abstract and Discussion identify the ITQ as a developed and psychometrically assessed measure of PTSD and CPTSD; Participants and procedures describes adult samples. But the paper explicitly calls it a self-report measure, not an interview guide. The citations for the child ITQ and DTD-SI are separate and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
CPTSD was mainly assessed through self-report questionnaires, most commonly the International Trauma Questionnaire.
“CPTSD was mainly assessed through self-report questionnaires, most commonly with the International Trauma Questionnaire (45).”
From Tracing the paths: a systematic review of mediators of complex trauma and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
The Introduction identifies the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) as a self-report measure of PTSD and CPTSD, and the study uses it to assess CPTSD. The paper does not establish that CPTSD was mainly assessed through self-report questionnaires or that the ITQ was the most commonly used measure across studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Only one study measured CPTSD, using the International Trauma Questionnaire.
“Notably, only one study (Dokkedahl et al., 2021) measured CPTSD by using the International Trauma Questionnaire (Cloitre et al., 2018).”
From The Trauma and Mental Health Impacts of Coercive Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Cloitre et al., 2018
A self-report measure for complex PTSD has been validated, translated into over 25 languages, and made available to the international community.
“A self-report measure has now been validated 30 , translated into over 25 languages, and made available to the international community”
From Emerging experience with selected new categories in the <scp>ICD</scp>‐11: complex <scp>PTSD</scp>, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [30]

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“Notably, only one study (Dokkedahl et al., 2021) measured CPTSD by using the International Trauma Questionnaire (Cloitre et al., 2018).”
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Measuring post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder using the International Trauma Questionnaire: results from a Hungarian clinical and non-clinical sample
Rácz, A., Horváth, Z., Vizin, G., Berán, E., & Unoka, Z. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21770656

Authors: Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Maercker, A., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P.
Affiliations: National Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo Alto CA USA
University of Ulster (GB)
University College London (GB)
Cardiff University (GB)
Cardiff and Vale University Health Board (GB)
University of Zurich (CH)
NHS Lothian (GB)
National College of Ireland (IE)
ORCID: Cloitre, M.
Shevlin, M.
Brewin, C. R.
Bisson, J. I.
Roberts, N. P.
Maercker, A.
Karatzias, T.
Hyland, P.
Venue: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2018-09-03
Volume: 138
Issue: 6
Pages: 536-546
ISSN: 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
1600-0447
DOI: 10.1111/acps.12956
OpenAlex: W2892364332
Cited by: 1,314
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 236 · 2025: 267 · 2024: 208 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 81.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: International Trauma Questionnaire, post-traumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD, ICD-11, item response theory, factor structure, diagnostic rate, trauma exposure, brief screening instrument
MeSH terms: Psychological Trauma, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, International Classification of Diseases, Young Adult, Self Report

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The International Trauma Questionnaire: development of a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD

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