Validation of ICD ‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD in foster children using the International Trauma Questionnaire

Haselgruber, A.; Sölva, K.; Lueger‐Schuster, B.

doi:10.1111/acps.13100

Cited by 132Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

Validation of ICD ‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD in foster children using the International Trauma Questionnaire

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Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., Lueger‐Schuster, B.·2020·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

DOI 10.1111/acps.13100PMC PMC6973040

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Abstract

Objective: ICD ‐11 introduces post‐traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and complex PTSD ( CPTSD ) as two distinct trauma‐related disorders. Using the International Trauma Questionnaire ( ITQ ) as disorder‐specific measure, this study is the first to examine the factorial and construct validity of ICD ‐11 PTSD , CPTSD and the ITQ s’ applicability in children. Methods: Two hundred and eight Austrian foster children completed a set of standardized measures. Excluding participants who reported not having experienced any kind of trauma, a final sample of 136 children completed the ITQ . Factorial and construct validity of ICD ‐11 CPTSD and psychometric properties of ITQ scales were assessed by factor analysis and latent class analysis. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the two‐factor higher‐order model of ICD ‐11 CPTSD in children by high factor loadings and excellent model fit. Reliability and regression analysis evidenced psychometric adequacy and discriminant validity of ITQ scales. Latent class analysis substantiated construct validity of ICD ‐11 CPTSD , identifying a CPTSD (22.8%), PTSD (31.6%) and low symptoms class (45.6%). The CPTSD class showed highest rates of childhood trauma, comorbid psychopathology and functional impairment. Conclusion: Factorial and construct validity of ICD ‐11 CPTSD was evidenced in children for the first time using precise descriptions of ICD ‐11 symptom content, supporting the reliability and validity of the ITQ in children.

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Empirically validated cPTSD interview guides have been developed, including the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for adults and children, and the Developmental Trauma Disorder Semi-structured Interview (DTD-SI) for children and adolescents.
“Empirically validated cPTSD interview guides have been developed, including the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) for adults [21] and children [66], and the Developmental Trauma Disorder Semi-structured Interview (DTD-SI) for children and adolescents [46, 174].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [66]
The Methods (Measures) say the study used the adult ITQ, an 18-item self-report measure, with children. The Discussion reports first empirical evidence of its applicability as a screening instrument for children. This supports the child-validation part attributed to this citation, but not the description of the ITQ as an interview guide developed for children. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
DSO symptoms have been empirically identified in children, adolescents, and young adults.
“However, DSO symptoms also have been empirically identified in children [66, 143], and adolescents and young adults [122, 131].”
From Complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [66]

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Parenting Stress and Well-Being Among Foster Parents: The Moderating Effect of Social Support
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Trauma exposure and factors associated with ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in adolescence: a cross-cultural study in Japan and Lithuania
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Phase-based psychological interventions for complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review
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Structure of ICD-11 complex PTSD and relationship with psychoform and somatoform dissociation
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Comparing rates of ICD-11 and DSM-5 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Austrian children and adolescents in foster care: prevalence, comorbidity and predictors
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Validation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in Chinese children as per the ICD-11 proposals using the International trauma questionnaire
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Assessment tools for complex post traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review
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Factor structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire in UK Armed Forces veterans residing in Northern Ireland
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The latent structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in a general population sample from USA: A factor mixture modelling approach
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Response of young patients with probable ICD-11 complex PTSD to treatment with developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy
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A Systematic Review of the Validity, Reliability, and Clinical Utility of Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD) Symptom Criteria
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Dissociative Symptoms in Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review
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Perspective matters: Differences between child- and caregiver-reports of emotion regulation mediating the relationship between cumulative childhood trauma and mental health problems in foster children
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Psychiatric comorbidity of developmental trauma disorder and posttraumatic Stress disorder: findings from the DTD field trial replication (DTDFT-R)
Ford, J. D., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1929028 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
French cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) in a French community sample
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Characteristics of complex posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) in young people with PTSD following multiple trauma exposure
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The role of stigmatization in developing post-traumatic symptoms after experiencing child sexual abuse by a female perpetrator
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The relationship between cumulative traumatic experiences and ICD-11 post-traumatic symptoms in children and adolescents in foster care: The mediating effect of sense of coherence
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Forensic Assessment of PTSD Via DSM-5 Versus ICD-11 Criteria: Implications for Current Practice and Future Research
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Le trauma complexe : un regard interdisciplinaire sur les difficultés des enfants et des adolescents
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Understanding and Treating C-PTSD
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Trauma in Context: an Integrative Treatment Model
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ICD-11 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex PTSD Among Hospital Medical Workers in China: Impacts of Wenchuan Earthquake Exposure, Workplaces, and Sociodemographic Factors
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Identifying PTSD and Complex PTSD Profiles in Child Victims of Sexual Abuse
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ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex PTSD: prevalence, predictors, and construct validity in Swiss older adults
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Self-compassion as a mediator of attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and complex PTSD in college students with adverse childhood experiences
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Using explainable machine learning to investigate the relationship between childhood maltreatment, positive psychological traits, and CPTSD symptoms
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Evaluating the ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD Constructs: A Meta-Analytic Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the International Trauma Questionnaire
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Alignment of Borderline Personality Disorder and Complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder With Complex Developmental Symptomatology
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Comparing diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder in a diverse sample of trauma‐exposed youth
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Examining the factor structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex-PTSD among prison staff exposed to potentially traumatic experiences
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Evidence of a traumatic stress dimension of psychopathology among at-risk children living in Denmark
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Dari version of international trauma questionnaire-child and adolescent version (ITQ-CA): In a sample of Afghan children and adolescents exposed to trauma
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Temporal–Posterior Alpha Power in Resting-State Electroencephalography as a Potential Marker of Complex Childhood Trauma in Institutionalized Adolescents
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Responding to the Need for Psychotherapeutic Respite by War-Exposed Ukrainian Children
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Assessment Tools in Child Protection Practice and Research
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Trauma exposure and ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD in a Greenlandic adolescent population
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From childhood trauma to complex PTSD: a network analysis
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Assessment of PTSD and CPTSD Symptoms in Children and Adolescents Exposed to Earthquakes: An Evaluation Using Latent Profile
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Co-development of traumatic stress symptoms and externalising behaviour problems among foster children and the effect of complex trauma: a latent growth curve model
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Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress
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Perspective Chapter: Silenced Voices – Childhood, Trauma, and Dissociation
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qEEG Neuromarkers of Complex Childhood Trauma in Adolescents
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Symptom structure of ICD-11 Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) in trauma-exposed foster children: examining the International Trauma Questionnaire – Child and Adolescent Version (ITQ-CA)
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Self-citation
Validation of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in Chinese children as per the ICD-11 proposals using the International trauma questionnaire
Li, J., Wang, W., Hu, W., Yuan, Z., Zhou, R., Zhang, W., & Qu, Z. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1888525 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The structure of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD in adolescents exposed to potentially traumatic experiences
Kazlauskas, E., Želvienė, P., Daniunaite, I., Hyland, P., Kvedaraitė, M., Shevlin, M. E., & Cloître, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.061 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Construction and initial validation of the International Trauma Questionnaire – Caregiver Version (ITQ-CG): assessing ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD in children from caregiver perspective
Haselgruber, A., Weindl, D., Zagaria, A., Zajec, K., Noske, J., & Lueger‐Schuster, B. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2493025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Examination of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire – Child and Adolescent version (ITQ-CA) in a sample of Danish children and adolescents exposed to abuse
Løkkegaard, S. S., Elklit, A., & Vang, M. L. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2178761 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Authors: Haselgruber, A., Sölva, K., & Lueger‐Schuster, B.
Affiliations: University of Vienna (AT)
Corresponding author: Haselgruber, A.
ORCID: Haselgruber, A.
Sölva, K.
Lueger‐Schuster, B.
Venue: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2019-10-16
Volume: 141
Issue: 1
Pages: 60-73
ISSN: 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
1600-0447
DOI: 10.1111/acps.13100
PMC: PMC6973040
OpenAlex: W2973870797
Cited by: 132
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1
FWCI: 18.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Phaidra (Universität Wien) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: Amt der NÖ Landesregierung
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: ICD-11, post-traumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD, foster children, International Trauma Questionnaire, factorial validity, construct validity, childhood trauma, psychometric properties, latent class analysis, comorbid psychopathology, functional disability
MeSH terms: Psychological Trauma, Self-Control, Child, Foster, Latent Class Analysis, Emotional Abuse, Adolescent, Austria, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, International Classification of Diseases

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Validation of ICD ‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD in foster children using the International Trauma Questionnaire

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